S-ACE – A Blood Test to Help Detect Inflammation in the Lungs and Body What is S-ACE? S-ACE is a blood test that measures the level of a specific enzyme (ACE) involved in controlling your blood pressure and fluid balance. But more importantly, this enzyme can be higher than normal in certain inflammatory diseases — especially sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is a condition where the body forms small clumps of inflammatory cells, called granulomas, most often in the lungs, but also in the skin, eyes, or other organs. Why test S-ACE? This test is most often used when your doctor suspects sarcoidosis – especially if you have symptoms like: A persistent cough Fatigue Shortness of breath Swollen lymph nodes or unusual findings on a chest X-ray It can also help in: Diagnosing or monitoring granulomatous diseases, like tuberculosis Investigating some kidney problems or unexplained high blood pressure S-ACE levels can show how active the inflammation is, and can help track how well treatment is working. What does a high S-ACE value mean? A high result may mean: Sarcoidosis is present and active There’s another inflammatory condition involving granulomas Less commonly, it could be due to lung or kidney inflammation, or other rare conditions A high value is a clue, but not proof – more tests are usually needed to confirm a diagnosis. What does a low or normal value mean? A normal or low S-ACE level is common and usually not a concern. Low values can also happen if you're taking ACE inhibitors (a common medication for high blood pressure). In rare cases, kidney disease or other conditions that reduce enzyme production may lead to low levels. Who should consider an S-ACE test? This test may be helpful if you: Have unexplained lung symptoms or abnormal chest imaging Are being monitored for sarcoidosis and want to track the disease Have symptoms that suggest an inflammatory disease affecting the lungs or other organs Are being treated with ACE inhibitors and need to monitor effects

What is ACTH?This test is an analysis of the body's stress hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). ACTH is a hormone that controls the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands – a vital hormone for the body's stress management, metabolism, and immune system. By measuring ACTH levels, you get a better picture of how your body regulates hormone balance and reacts to stress. When is it appropriate to test ACTH? An ACTH test can provide valuable information if hormonal imbalances are suspected, especially in conditions such as: – 1. Cushing's syndrome – overproduction of cortisol.2. Addison's disease – low cortisol production, resulting in high ACTH levels. 3. Pituitary tumor – tumour in the pituitary gland that increases ACTH production. 4. Chronic renal failure – can also affect ACTH levels The test can help clarify the cause behind fatigue, weight changes, blood pressure disorders, or other symptoms linked to hormonal imbalance. Why measure ACTH? Measuring P-Corticotropin provides insight into the body's hormonal system, especially the function of the adrenal glands. It is an important tool for investigating diseases of the endocrine system and understanding how the body handles stress, inflammation, and internal balance.InstructionsOn the day of the testRemember to take I.D. with you when going to take a test. Sit down for 15 minutes and rest before taking a test.

What is albumin?Albumin is a protein made by the liver. It keeps fluid inside blood vessels, nourishes tissues, and transports substances like hormones, vitamins, drugs, and minerals around your body.   Why test albumin?There are many reasons to test albumin. Your doctor may test albumin if s/he suspects liver injury or illness. Albumin can indicate if you are dehydrated or malnourished.  Testing albumin is an important part of a health check because it helps you discover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to take action. It's also a key part of liver and kidney check-ups, as albumin is crucial for assessing kidney health. Additionally, monitoring albumin levels can help track changes in your blood values as you make lifestyle changes, take supplements, or undergo treatments.More informationSome drugs can increase serum albumin. These include anabolic steroids, androgens, growth hormones, and insulin. If you are receiving large amounts of intravenous fluids, the results of this test may be inaccurate.What do the results mean?Albumin results are evaluated alongside other test results.What causes low albumin?Albumin can be low in many different diseases and disorders and may indicate a need for further investigation. A slightly low albumin may be clinically insignificant, although albumin can be low in many different diseases and disorders and may indicate a need for further investigation. Some causes of low albumin include liver or kidney problems, hypothyroidism, inflammation, poor diet, shock and malnutrition as well as conditions that can cause malabsorption and digestion of protein, like low stomach acid, Crohn’s disease, celiac disease and chronic illness. Low albumin can also indicate oxidative stress and an increased need for vitamin C.Pregnancy and intravenous fluids can also decrease blood albumin levels by increasing the fluid volume inside blood vessels.Symptoms of low albuminLow albumin levels can cause various symptoms that may indicate underlying health issues. Common symptoms include swelling, especially in the legs, ankles, and feet due to fluid retention, persistent fatigue, and general muscle weakness. You might also experience fluid buildup in the abdomen (ascites), a poor appetite, unexplained weight loss, and jaundice, which is yellowing of the skin and eyes. Additionally, wounds may take longer to heal. If you notice these symptoms, it's important to consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.What causes high albumin?Albumin can be high in many different diseases and disorders and may indicate a need for further investigation. Slightly high albumin can be associated with dehydration, increasing blood concentration.Symptoms of high albuminHigh albumin levels, known as hyperalbuminemia, are rare and usually do not cause specific symptoms on their own. Instead, they often indicate underlying conditions that need attention. Common causes of high albumin include dehydration, which can cause symptoms like dry mouth, thirst, dark urine, and decreased urine output. Severe or chronic infections may also lead to high albumin, with symptoms like fever, chills, and general malaise. Liver disease is another potential cause, and it can present with jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, and abdominal swelling. A high protein intake might be linked to elevated albumin levels, though it typically doesn't cause symptoms. If you suspect high albumin levels or experience related symptoms, seek medical advice for proper evaluation and treatment.More informationSome drugs can increase serum albumin. These include anabolic steroids, androgens, growth hormones, and insulin.  If you are receiving large amounts of intravenous fluids, the results of this test may be inaccurate.Values that are slightly outside the reference range can be normal. Reference ranges are imperfect and approximately 5% of healthy individuals may have results outside the reference range.Preparations for your blood testAvoid fatty foods and alcohol the day before the test.On the day of the testRemember to take your ID. with you when going to take a test.

What is ALP?ALP is an enzyme found throughout the body, mostly in the liver, kidneys and digestive system. It is used for the analysis of liver and gallbladder problems. An ALP test is used to help detect liver disease or bone disorders.  Damaged liver cells release ALP into the blood In conditions affecting the liver. ALP results are considered alongside the results of other tests. Some causes of elevated ALP are liver damage, increased bone cell activity, pregnancy, healing fractures and the use of certain medications. High values on other tests like bilirubin, AST (aspartate aminotransferase), GGT (Gamma Glutamyl transferase), 5'-nucleotidase or ALT (alanine aminotransferase) may confirm liver dysfunction.  If GGT or 5'-nucleotidase is normal, especially if calcium and phosphorus markers are abnormal, then the high ALP could be caused by a bone condition.Why test ALP?Testing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is important for several reasons. It helps discover risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to take action. Knowing your ALP levels can reveal how your liver health is affected by alcohol consumption, weight, virus exposure, or other lifestyle factors. Additionally, it allows you to monitor changes in your blood values as you make lifestyle changes, take supplements, or undergo treatments, ensuring that your liver stays healthy.What causes low ALP?Low ALP can be caused by zinc deficiency, malnutrition, magnesium deficiency, protein deficiency, blood transfusions, heart bypass surgery and oral contraceptives.  Children and adolescents tend to have higher levels because of bone growth. Symptoms of low ALPLow alkaline phosphatase (ALP) can be linked to various health conditions and may cause symptoms such as persistent fatigue, bone pain or fractures, muscle weakness, joint pain, and growth issues in children. If you experience these symptoms, consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.What causes high ALP?High ALP usually signifies either liver damage or increased bone cell activity. High values on other tests like bilirubin, AST (aspartate aminotransferase), GGT (Gamma Glutamyl transferase), 5'-nucleotidase or ALT (alanine aminotransferase) often confirm liver involvement. If GGT or 5'-nucleotidase is normal, especially if calcium and phosphorus markers are abnormal, then the high ALP is probably caused by a bone condition.Moderately elevated ALP may result from other health conditions. Symptoms of high ALPHigh alkaline phosphatase (ALP) can indicate liver or bone problems. Symptoms include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, and unexplained weight loss. Additionally, you might experience bone pain or tenderness, which could signal bone disease. If you notice these symptoms, it's important to consult a doctor for further evaluation and treatment.Preparations for your blood testIt may be best to avoid fatty foods and alcohol the day before the test.On the day of the testTake ID with you when going to take a test. Arrive early and sit quietly for 15 minutes prior to the test the test is taken.  

What is S-AFP? Alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein normally produced in large amounts by the fetal liver during pregnancy. In adults, AFP levels are usually very low. When elevated, it can be a marker for cancer, especially liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) and certain testicular tumors. It is also used to detect liver metastases from other cancers. Why test for S-AFP? S-AFP testing is used as a tool in cancer diagnostics and liver medicine, particularly to: Detect and monitor liver cancer in patients with chronic liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis, hepatitis) Identify and track non-seminomatous testicular cancer Assess the risk of cancer spread to the liver Support screening in high-risk populations for early detection of liver tumors What do the results mean? S-AFP levels reflect potential tumor activity or liver regeneration. The test is most useful when interpreted together with clinical symptoms and imaging studies, such as ultrasound or MRI. What does it mean if I have high S-AFP? Elevated S-AFP levels (typically >10 µg/L) may suggest: Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) Non-seminomatous testicular cancer Metastatic cancer in the liver However, high values can also appear in non-cancerous conditions, such as: Active hepatitis Liver cirrhosis or liver regeneration Elevated results should always prompt further evaluation, including imaging and specialist consultation. What does it mean if I have low S-AFP? In healthy adults, S-AFP is usually <10 µg/L. A normal or low value reduces the likelihood of certain cancers but does not completely rule out cancer, especially in early stages or in tumors that do not produce AFP. In known cancer cases, stable or declining values are often used to track treatment response. Reference range: Normal: < 10 µg/L in adults Values above this should be interpreted in clinical context, especially in those with known liver or testicular conditions. When is the test appropriate? S-AFP testing is commonly performed when there is: Jaundice, upper abdominal pain, or liver swelling Suspicion of testicular cancer (e.g., scrotal lump) Follow-up of known liver or testicular tumors Surveillance in chronic liver disease patients to catch liver cancer early S-AFP is a valuable but non-specific tumor marker and should always be interpreted alongside other diagnostic tools.

What is ALT?ALT (alanine aminotransferase) is an enzyme found mostly in liver and kidney cells. An ALT test measures the amount of this enzyme in the bloodstream. ALT is a useful test for the early detection of liver damage.Why test ALT?Testing alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is important for several reasons. It helps you discover risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to take action. Knowing your ALT levels can reveal how your liver health is affected by alcohol consumption, weight, virus exposure, or other lifestyle factors. Additionally, monitoring ALT levels allows you to track changes in your blood values as you make lifestyle changes, take supplements, or undergo treatments.What causes low ALT?A low level of ALT in the bloodstream is normal. Vitamin B6 deficiency and alcoholism can cause extremely low ALT.Symptoms of low ALTLow ALT is normal and does not usually cause symptoms. Very low ALT can cause weakness, fatigue, poor appetite, unexplained weight loss, and nausea.What causes high ALT?Liver problems are the most common cause of elevated ALT. Very high ALT is usually caused by acute hepatitis, which in turn is often caused by a viral infection or heavy alcohol use, toxins, some medications, or autoimmunity.  This usually takes 1-6 months to return to normal.  fatty liver, liver dysfunction, excessive muscle breakdown or turnover, liver cell damage, obesity, alcohol consumption, and some other conditions can also cause very high ALT levels.Symptoms of high ALTHigh alanine aminotransferase (ALT) can indicate liver damage or disease. It may cause symptoms such as yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), persistent fatigue, abdominal pain (especially in the upper right side), nausea and vomiting, dark urine, loss of appetite, and generalized itching. If you notice these symptoms, it's important to consult a doctor for further evaluation and treatment.More informationWhen the cells are injured or damaged, enzymes like ALT are released into the blood, making ALT a useful test for the early detection of liver damage.  This test may be used with AST (aspartate aminotransferase) as included in a liver package or a comprehensive metabolic panel to assess liver function and possible liver diseases. Elevated ALT levels are increasingly common. Values that are slightly outside the reference range can be normal. As with other tests, approximately 5% of healthy individuals may have results outside the reference range.Preparations for the blood test Avoid fatty foods and alcohol the day before the test.On the day of the testTake your I.D. with you when you take a test.  

What is AMH (Anti-Mullerian Hormone)?AMH is a hormone produced by reproductive tissues.  This test is used, among other things, to evaluate ovarian function and IVF chances. It is the most reliable test of time-to-menopause.Why test AMH?Testing anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is important for several reasons. For women concerned about fertility, AMH levels help evaluate ovarian function and estimate egg reserve. In IVF treatment, an AMH test, along with other hormone tests, can assess how likely you are to respond to the treatment. Additionally, for women with suspected polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), AMH levels can be elevated due to the increased number of follicles, making it a useful diagnostic tool. What causes low AMH?Negative to low levels of AMH are normal in females who are not of childbearing age. An AMH level that is lower than expected may suggest low egg reserve, poor egg quality or indicate that the ovaries are not functioning normally.  Women’s AMH levels naturally decline as they get older, so in younger women, this may be a sign of premature low fertility. This may result in a reduced response to IVF treatment.Recent research has shown that women with low AMH levels (less than 0.7ng/ml don’t have a significantly lower chance of getting pregnant in 12 months than women with ‘normal’ hormone levels. This may be because egg quality is more important than egg quantity.  AMH levels are however strongly tied to time until menopause, so this test can determine whether a woman is at risk for early menopause. It may also help detect, alongside other tests, other potential reproductive problems such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).Low AMH or a significant decline in AMH may suggest the imminent onset of menopause.  Raised AMH may be seen with PCOS but is not used to diagnose PCOS. It could even signify likely increased responsiveness to IVF and a need to monitor or alter treatment.AMH level also directly affects IVF success and egg freezing because both are reliant on the number of eggs doctors can retrieve from the ovaries.  A low AMH means that you may respond less to treatments.What causes high AMH?Raised AMH may be seen with PCOS but is not used to diagnose PCOS. It could even signify likely increased responsiveness to IVF and a need to monitor or alter IVF treatment.A higher AMH level means you have more eggs than is normal for your age.  It may make it easier for you to get pregnant using IVF and increase the success of egg freezing. There is no guarantee, and age appears the most important factor. More informationAMH can be taken at any time of the month because, unlike other female hormones, AMH does not fluctuate with a woman's monthly cycle. AMH is unaffected by oral contraceptives and pregnancy. Preparations for your blood testNo preparation is needed for this test.On the day of the testRemember to take your ID with you when going to take a test.  

S-ANA – A Blood Test to Check for Autoimmune Activity What is S-ANA? S-ANA stands for antinuclear antibodies – these are proteins made by the immune system that mistakenly attack the nucleus (center) of the body’s own cells. This test helps detect whether your body might be fighting itself, which is what happens in autoimmune diseases. Why test for ANA? Doctors recommend an S-ANA test if you have symptoms that suggest an autoimmune condition, such as: Fatigue that doesn’t go away Joint pain or swelling Skin rashes (especially a butterfly-shaped rash on the face) Prolonged fever with no clear infection Dry eyes or mouth, or other unexplained symptoms The test is commonly used when doctors suspect conditions like SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus), Sjögren’s syndrome, scleroderma, or mixed connective tissue disease. What does a low or negative ANA result mean? A negative ANA result means no autoantibodies were found in your blood. This makes autoimmune disease less likely, but does not fully rule it out – especially if your symptoms continue. What does a high or positive ANA result mean? A positive ANA result means your body has antinuclear antibodies, which might suggest an autoimmune disease. However, many healthy people can also have a positive ANA, especially at low levels. It may also appear temporarily during infections or with increasing age. If your ANA is positive, your doctor may: Check how strong the result is (the “titer”) Order more specific antibody tests Use your symptoms and medical history to guide diagnosis Who should consider this test? You may need an ANA test if you: Have unexplained fatigue, joint issues, skin rashes, or fever Are being evaluated for autoimmune disease Want to rule out lupus or similar conditions Summary The S-ANA test is a helpful first step in checking for autoimmune activity. A negative result usually rules out serious disease, while a positive result needs follow-up testing. Your symptoms and overall health history are essential to understanding what the result means.

APO A1/Apo B RatioOrdering both Apo A1 and Apo B tests gives you this ratio. It is sometimes used as an alternative to a total cholesterol/HDL ratio, to evaluate the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.What causes low Apo A1 levels?Low levels of Apo A1 are associated with low levels of HDL, the so-called ‘good’ cholesterol, and impaired cholesterol clearance from the body. Lower Apo A1, combined with higher Apo B is associated with increased rates of cardiovascular disease. Having a higher level of Apo A1 is considered protective against cardiovascular illness. The ApoA1 to Apo B ratio is one of the most accurate ways to determine the risk of cardiovascular disease. The ApoA1/Apo B ratio predicts the risk of a heart attack regardless of cholesterol and triglyceride levels (although they are often correlated).Low levels of Apo A1 can be caused by some health conditions such as kidney disease, diabetes, obesity/overweight, certain medications, smoking, and poor diet. Genetic factors can also lead to deficiencies in Apo A1 (and thus low levels of HDL). People with these disorders tend to have abnormal lipid levels, including high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL – the "bad" cholesterol). Frequently, they have accelerated rates of atherosclerosis. These genetic disorders are the primary causes of low Apo A1.Changes in levels of Apo A-I may also be associated with other factors. The following may decrease Apo A1:• Chronic kidney disease• Use of drugs like androgens, beta-blockers, diuretics, and progestins (synthetic progesterone)• Smoking• Untreated diabetes• ObesitySymptoms of low Apo A1Low levels of apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) can lead to several health issues, including an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Symptoms may include fatigue, muscle weakness, and general malaise. Additionally, you might experience difficulty managing cholesterol levels, leading to further heart-related problems. If you notice these symptoms, it’s important to consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.What causes high Apo A1 levels?High values may reduce the risk of heart and artery disease. The following may increase Apo A1: High levels of apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) are generally considered beneficial, as Apo A1 is a major component of HDL cholesterol, often referred to as "good" cholesterol. Consequently, high Apo A1 levels typically do not cause negative symptoms and are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Factors that can contribute to high Apo A1 levels include genetic factors, physical activity, and hormones. Additionally, moderate alcohol consumption, medications like carbamazepine, estrogens, ethanol, lovastatin, niacin, oral contraceptives, phenobarbital, pravastatin, and simvastatin, as well as pregnancy, weight loss, and statin use, can also increase Apo A1 levels. Consult a healthcare provider if you are concerned about your cholesterol or overall health. Symptoms of high Apo A1High levels of apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) are generally considered beneficial, as Apo A1 is a major component of HDL cholesterol, often referred to as "good" cholesterol. Therefore, high Apo A1 levels typically do not cause negative symptoms and are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. However, consult a healthcare provider if you have concerns about your cholesterol or overall health.More InformationValues that are slightly outside the reference range can be normal. Approximately 5% of healthy individuals may have results outside the reference range.Preparations for the testAvoid fatty foods and alcohol the day before the test.On the day of the testAlways take ID. with you when going to take a test. Arrive early and sit quietly for 15 minutes before the test.

What is Apolipoprotein (Apo) A1? Apo A1 is a protein involved in lipid (fat) metabolism. It is the main protein component in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, higher levels of which seem to have health benefits in healthy individuals. Why test Apolipoprotein (Apo) A1?Testing apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) is important for several reasons. It helps you discover your risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in time to take preventive action. If your lifestyle, personal, or family history suggests an increased risk of cardiovascular disease—such as chronic inflammation, elevated triglycerides, and high blood sugar—an Apo A1 test can provide valuable insights. Additionally, monitoring Apo A1 levels allows you to track changes in your blood values as you make lifestyle adjustments, take supplements, or undergo treatments, helping you to stay on top of your cardiovascular health.What causes low Apo A1 levels? Low levels of Apo A1 are linked to low HDL ("good" cholesterol) and poor cholesterol clearance, increasing cardiovascular disease risk, especially when combined with high Apo B. A higher Apo A1 level is protective against heart disease. The Apo A1 to Apo B ratio predicts cardiovascular risk and can indicate heart attack risk regardless of cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Low Apo A1 can result from conditions like kidney disease, diabetes, obesity, certain medications, or lifestyle choices such as smoking and poor diet. Genetic factors can also cause low Apo A1 and HDL levels, leading to abnormal lipid levels and accelerated atherosclerosis. Other factors that may decrease Apo A1 include chronic kidney disease, certain drugs (androgens, beta-blockers, diuretics, and progestins), smoking, untreated diabetes, and obesity.Symptoms of low Apo A1Low levels of apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) can lead to various health issues due to its role in managing cholesterol and heart health. Common symptoms include persistent fatigue, muscle weakness, and difficulty maintaining healthy cholesterol levels, often resulting in higher "bad" cholesterol (LDL). This can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks or strokes and contribute to the buildup of plaques in the arteries (atherosclerosis). If you experience these symptoms, consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment. What causes high Apo A1 levels?High values may reduce the risk of heart and artery disease.  The following may increase Apo A1: Genetic factors, physical activity, and hormones, moderate alcohol consumption, medications like carbamazepine, estrogens, ethanol, lovastatin, niacin, oral contraceptives, phenobarbital, pravastatin, and simvastatin, physical activity, pregnancy, weight loss, statins.Symptoms of high Apo A1High levels of apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) are generally considered beneficial, as Apo A1 is a key component of HDL ("good") cholesterol and helps protect against heart disease. Therefore, high Apo A1 levels typically do not cause negative symptoms and are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular issues. Consult a healthcare provider if you are concerned about your cholesterol levels or overall heart health. More InformationValues that are slightly outside the reference range can be normal. Approximately 5% of healthy individuals may have results outside the reference range. Preparation for your blood testAvoid fatty foods and alcohol the day before the test. On the day of the test Always take ID. with you when going to take a test. Arrive in good time and sit quietly for 15 minutes before the test.

Information about Apolipoprotein B Heart Health Marker What is Apolipoprotein (Apo) B?Apo B is a protein involved in lipid (fat) metabolism. Concentrations of Apo B tend to mirror those of LDL cholesterol. Many researchers now consider the ratio of Apo A1 to Apo B a more reliable predictor of cardiovascular disease than standard cholesterol analyses.Why test Apo B?Testing apolipoprotein B (Apo B) is important for several reasons. It helps you discover your risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in time to take preventive action. If your lifestyle, personal, or family history suggests an increased risk of cardiovascular disease—such as chronic inflammation, elevated triglycerides, and high blood sugar—an Apo B test can provide valuable insights. Additionally, monitoring Apo B levels allows you to track changes in your blood values as you make lifestyle adjustments, take supplements, or undergo treatments, ensuring you stay on top of your cardiovascular health.What do the results mean?An increased ratio of Apo B to Apo A1 may indicate a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease.What causes low Apo B?A number of factors can cause low Apo B. Conditions that affect production of lipoproteins, their synthesis, and or packaging in the liver can decrease Apo B. Secondary causes include medications like estrogen (in post-menopausal women), lovastatin, simvastatin, niacin, and thyroxine, and health-related factors such as hyperthyroidism, cirrhosis, surgery, malnutrition, and weight loss.Symptoms of low Apo BLow levels of apolipoprotein B (Apo B) are uncommon and usually don't cause specific symptoms by themselves. However, they can be linked to certain health conditions that lead to symptoms like persistent fatigue, muscle weakness, poor nutrient absorption, weight loss, malnutrition, frequent diarrhea, and growth issues in children. If you experience these symptoms, it’s important to consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.What causes high Apo B?Anything that leads to inflammation in the blood vessels affects Apo B. Causes include dietary factors, such as a diet higher in saturated fats, pregnancy, overconsumption of sugars, decreased clearing of LDL from the blood, health conditions like insulin resistance, diabetes, hypothyroidism, and medication use. Genetic disorders can directly cause abnormal Apo B levels.The Apo A1: Apo B ratio is considered one of the most accurate ways to determine the risk of cardiovascular disease and can predict the risk of a heart attack no matter your cholesterol and triglyceride levels.Symptoms of high Apo B High levels of apolipoprotein B (Apo B) can indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and may be associated with several symptoms related to heart and vascular health. Common symptoms include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, persistent fatigue, high blood pressure, and heart palpitations. You might also notice yellowish deposits of cholesterol under the skin, often around the eyes or joints, known as xanthomas. Additionally, dizziness or lightheadedness can occur. If you experience these symptoms, it's important to consult a doctor for proper evaluation and treatment, as high Apo B levels can significantly increase the risk of heart disease. More informationThe Apo B test is used with other lipid tests to evaluate the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). New research suggests that the ratio of Apo A1 to Apo B is a reliable predictor of CVD.  Values that are slightly outside the reference range can still be normal. Approximately 5% of healthy individuals may have results outside the reference range. Genetic factors can elevate Apolipoprotein B. Preparation for the blood testAvoid fatty foods and alcohol the day before the test.On the day of the testAlways take your ID with you when going to take a test. Arrive early and sit down quietly for 15 minutes before taking this test.

What is the arsenic test and what does it show? The arsenic test is a venous blood test that measures the level of arsenic in the bloodstream. It is primarily used to assess exposure to inorganic arsenic, which can be harmful when accumulated in the body over time. Inorganic arsenic is commonly found in contaminated drinking water, certain foods like rice, and industrial environments. High arsenic levels have been associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, and nerve damage. This test helps detect elevated arsenic levels and supports early intervention to reduce health risks. What do the results mean? Normal levels – Typically range between 0.01–0.05 µmol/L in individuals with no known exposure. Moderately elevated levels – May suggest recent or low-level exposure through food, water, or environment. High levels (above 0.67 µmol/L or 50 µg/L) – May indicate significant arsenic exposure and should prompt further investigation to identify the source and assess health risks. Note: Reference ranges can vary slightly depending on the laboratory and method used. When is the test suitable? In cases of suspected arsenic poisoning from contaminated water, workplaces, or food For people working in industries where arsenic is used or produced To monitor long-term exposure in individuals living in risk areas with known arsenic contamination When conducting health surveillance in populations at risk for chronic arsenic exposure Interpretation and limitations This test specifically measures total arsenic in the blood, with a focus on inorganic forms, which are the most toxic. The result must be interpreted in the context of potential exposure sources, clinical symptoms, and possibly combined with other tests (e.g., urine arsenic or hair analysis) for a more complete picture. It is important to note that some seafood can contain non-toxic organic arsenic compounds, which might temporarily raise blood levels without posing health risks.

This blood test measures IgE antibodies against aspen pollen (Populus species), which can trigger allergy symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, nasal congestion, itchy eyes, and sometimes asthma-like symptoms. Aspen pollen appears early in the spring, and the test helps identify whether your symptoms are due to an allergy to aspen, rather than other trees. Why take the test? The test is useful if you: Have recurring spring allergy symptoms and want to know if aspen is the cause Want to differentiate between different types of tree pollen allergies Are planning treatment or allergy vaccination and need to identify specific triggers React to pollen early in the season, even before birch or oak pollens are active What do the results mean? High IgE levels – Suggest an allergy to aspen pollen, which can explain early-season symptoms and guide treatment. Low IgE levels – Make an aspen allergy less likely, but other tree pollen allergens (like birch or alder) may still be involved.

What is AST? AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme found mainly in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. A blood test for AST is usually done to detect liver damage and disorders.  When these organs are damaged, the enzyme is released into the blood, raising blood values. AST is a useful test for early detection of liver damage. AST does not have much significance when taken by itself.  It is often included in a comprehensive health or wellness panel to evaluate liver function and is also used when liver disease or damage is suspected. Why test AST?There are many reasons to test AST. Testing AST is an important part of a health check because it helps you discover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to take action. Liver health is affected by your alcohol consumption, weight, virus exposure, or other lifestyle factors.  Additionally, monitoring AST levels can help track changes in your blood values as you make lifestyle changes, take supplements, or undergo treatments.What causes low AST?A low level of AST in the bloodstream is the normal result. Vitamin B6 deficiency, alcoholism, old age, or underlying health conditions such as liver, kidney or inflammatory diseases can cause extremely low AST.   Symptoms of low ASTLow levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are generally not associated with specific symptoms and are usually not a cause for concern. AST is an enzyme found in various tissues in the body, primarily in the liver and heart. Low AST levels are typically normal and do not indicate any health issues. However, very low levels of AST may sometimes be seen in individuals with vitamin B6 deficiency, but this is rare and not usually accompanied by clear symptoms related to the low AST itself. If you have concerns about your AST levels or overall health, it’s always best to consult with a healthcare provider.What causes high AST?Liver problems are the most common cause of high AST.  Liver toxicity from alcohol, drugs or other substances can also elevate levels, sometimes up to 100 times normal values. Viral hepatitis can take up to six months to return to normal. Elevated AST may indicate cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), muscle injury, heart problems, pancreatitis or mononucleosis (an infection caused by a virus called Epstein-Barr) or autoimmunity. However, if your results are not in the normal range this does not necessarily mean that you have a medical condition as many factors may affect your results. These include older age, gender, an inflammatory diet void of nutrients, alcohol intake, smoking, and some medications.Symptoms of high ASTHigh levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) can indicate liver damage or disease and may cause several symptoms. These include persistent fatigue, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain (especially in the upper right side), nausea and vomiting, dark urine, loss of appetite, swelling in the legs and ankles, and generalized itching. If you experience these symptoms, it is important to consult a doctor for proper evaluation and treatment, as high AST levels can signify serious health issues, particularly with the liver or heart.More informationAST and ALT are considered two of the most important tests to detect liver injury (although ALT is more liver-specific than AST, and AST is less likely to be raised). AST levels are used with the results of other tests, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, and bilirubin to help determine which form of liver disease is present.AST may be used to monitor those taking medications that are potentially toxic to the liver.  This test may be used together with ALT as part of a liver panel or comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) to assess liver function and possible liver diseases. Values that are slightly outside the reference range can be normal. Reference ranges are not perfect and approximately 5% of healthy individuals may have results outside the reference range.Preparations for the test Avoid fatty foods and alcohol the day before the test.On the day of the testRemember to take your ID. with you when going to take a test.  

Basophil Granulocytes Basophils are a type of white blood cell that plays an important role in the immune system, particularly in allergic reactions and inflammatory conditions. They are the least common type of leukocyte, typically comprising less than 1% of circulating white blood cells. Despite their small numbers, basophils are crucial for releasing histamine and leukotrienes – substances involved in inflammation and allergy symptoms such as itching, swelling, and redness. Why should basophils be tested? A blood test for basophils is useful for detecting conditions that affect the immune system. It is recommended for: Suspected allergic reactions (e.g. asthma, hay fever, hives) Chronic inflammatory diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, IBD) Blood disorders, including some leukemias (e.g. chronic myeloid leukemia) Evaluation of bone marrow function (e.g. aplastic anemia) What does a high basophil value mean? Elevated levels of basophils (basophilia) can indicate: Allergic conditions (asthma, hay fever) Chronic inflammation Hypothyroidism Myeloproliferative disorders (e.g. chronic myeloid leukemia) What does a low basophil value mean? Low levels of basophils (basopenia) are less common, but may be seen in: Acute infections Long-term corticosteroid treatment Severe bone marrow diseases When is the test recommended? Testing basophil granulocytes may be appropriate for: Allergy symptoms (nasal congestion, itching, breathing difficulties, eczema) Chronic inflammation (joint pain, fatigue, swelling) Unexplained changes in white blood cell count Monitoring of blood or bone marrow diseases The test is typically performed as part of a differential white blood cell count. Abnormal values should be evaluated alongside other blood parameters and clinical symptoms for accurate interpretation.

What is bicarbonate? Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) is a key buffering compound in the blood that helps maintain the body's acid-base balance. It plays a central role in neutralizing excess acid and stabilizing blood pH. Bicarbonate levels reflect the metabolic component of pH regulation, making this test valuable in assessing the body's internal chemical equilibrium. Why test for bicarbonate? B-HCO₃⁻ testing is recommended to evaluate or monitor acid-base disturbances, particularly: Metabolic acidosis (too much acid or loss of base) Metabolic alkalosis (too much base or loss of acid) It is especially useful in conditions affecting: Kidney function Respiratory health Diabetes (e.g., ketoacidosis) Fluid and electrolyte balance The test is often performed alongside blood gas or electrolyte analyses for a more comprehensive metabolic assessment. What do the results mean? Bicarbonate levels provide insight into how well the body is maintaining pH homeostasis. Abnormal values suggest underlying metabolic imbalances that may require medical attention or further investigation. What does it mean if I have low bicarbonate? Low bicarbonate levels can indicate metabolic acidosis, which may be caused by: Kidney failure Diabetic ketoacidosis Sepsis Prolonged diarrhea Certain types of poisoning Symptoms of metabolic acidosis can include rapid breathing, nausea, confusion, and fatigue. What does it mean if I have high bicarbonate? Elevated bicarbonate levels may suggest metabolic alkalosis, often resulting from: Loss of acid through vomiting Use of certain diuretics Chronic respiratory conditions Symptoms may include muscle cramps, numbness, weakness, and irregular heartbeat. Who benefits from this test? This test is especially relevant for individuals who: Experience chronic fatigue, dizziness, or weakness without clear cause Have kidney or lung disease Are diabetic and at risk for ketoacidosis Have gastrointestinal disorders involving vomiting or diarrhea Use medications that affect electrolyte balance, particularly diuretics Bicarbonate testing offers a vital window into the body’s metabolic and pH stability, and helps guide diagnosis and treatment for a range of underlying health conditions.

What is bilirubin?Bilirubin is a waste product made by the normal breakdown of heme. Heme is a component of haemoglobin found in red blood cells (RBCs). Bilirubin passes through the liver and is eventually excreted out of the body.  A bilirubin test measures bilirubin levels to evaluate a person's liver function or to help diagnose anemia caused by the destruction of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia).Why test bilirubin?Testing bilirubin is important for several reasons. It helps you understand how your liver health is affected by your alcohol consumption, weight, virus exposure or other lifestyle factors. A bilirubin test is often part of a routine check when you have diverse symptoms. Additionally, monitoring bilirubin levels can help track changes in your blood values as you make lifestyle changes or undergo treatments.What causes low bilirubin?Low levels of bilirubin are usually considered clinically insignificant. Extremely low levels could be a sign of spleen insufficiency.Symptoms of low bilirubinLow bilirubin is typically not associated with specific symptoms. Bilirubin is a byproduct of the normal breakdown of red blood cells, and low levels usually indicate normal liver function and red blood cell turnover. Unlike high bilirubin levels, which can cause jaundice and other symptoms, low bilirubin levels do not typically indicate health problems. If you have concerns about your bilirubin levels or overall health, consult a healthcare provider for proper evaluation.What causes high bilirubin?Increased bilirubin is associated with a variety of medical disorders, from viral hepatitis to gallstones. Bilirubin is elevated in the blood in several liver and bile duct conditions. This results in skin yellowing and the whites of the eyes. The most common reason is bile flow blockage, known as cholestasis. Other factors include heavy metal burden and high cholesterol.  Gallstones can cause this blockage, preventing bilirubin excretion into stool or urine.Gilbert’s syndrome can also cause mildly elevated bilirubin. Gilbert’s syndrome is a common, harmless, overgrowth/dysbiosis inherited condition that can cause bilirubin to be temporarily elevated. Triggers include surgery, infection, dehydration, fasting, physical activity, and menstruation.  Elevated bilirubin can also signal oxidative stress, increased red blood cell destruction, liver dysfunction, polycythemia, thymus dysfunction.Symptoms of high bilirubin  High levels of bilirubin, known as hyperbilirubinemia, can indicate liver or bile duct issues and may cause several symptoms. These include jaundice (skin and eye yellowing, dark urine, and pale stools). You might also experience generalized itching, persistent fatigue, abdominal pain (especially in the upper right side), and nausea and vomiting. If you notice these symptoms, it's important to consult a doctor for proper evaluation and treatment, as high bilirubin levels can signify serious health issues, particularly with the liver or bile ducts. More informationValues that are slightly outside the reference range can be normal. Reference ranges are not perfect and approximately 5% of healthy individuals may have results outside the reference range.Preparation for this test No advance preparation is required for this test.On the day of the testAlways take your ID with you when going for a test. Do not work out before going to do this test, as this may affect your results. Take this test before 10 am, as results can vary throughout the day. Arrive early and sit for 15 minutes before the test is taken.  

What is the birch pollen allergy test and what does it show? This blood test measures IgE antibodies against birch pollen, one of the most common causes of seasonal allergies in Sweden. The test helps confirm whether your springtime symptoms are caused by an allergic reaction to birch pollen. Why test for birch pollen allergy? This test is relevant if you experience: Sneezing Watery or itchy eyes Nasal congestion or runny nose These symptoms often appear during the spring allergy season, usually from April to June. The test can help: Confirm an allergy to birch pollen Guide treatment decisions, such as antihistamines or nasal sprays Evaluate the need for allergy immunotherapy (vaccination) What do the results mean? High IgE levels – Suggests a birch pollen allergy. May also be linked to cross-reactions with foods such as apples, carrots, or nuts (oral allergy syndrome). Low IgE levels – Makes a birch pollen allergy less likely, but other pollens or allergens may still be causing your symptoms. Summary The Birch Pollen IgE Test is a simple and effective way to determine whether your spring allergy symptoms are due to birch pollen. It supports accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and long-term allergy management.

What is a blood glucose test?Glucose is a sugar with many important functions in the body.  When you eat, the different sugars in food are converted to glucose and used by the cells for energy.  Your glucose must be kept within a certain range, otherwise, it can cause health problems.  A blood glucose test measures glucose in the blood at the time of testing.Elevated blood glucose levels are most likely to be caused by diabetes, but other health conditions can also result in raised blood glucose. Interpretation depends on individual factors such as diabetes/insulin resistance status and medication. Test results differ if the test is fasting, non-fasting, or taken hours after a meal. Results can indicate whether a person is in the normal range, the prediabetes range, or already suffers from diabetes. Unless this is ordered as a retest or for a specific reason, we recommend ordering this as part of a health test.Why test blood glucose?Blood glucose is an important part of a metabolic panel, as it helps identify conditions like insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, and diabetes, which can often be completely reversed with lifestyle changes. By testing blood glucose levels, you can discover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to take preventive action. Additionally, monitoring changes in your blood values as you make lifestyle changes or undergo treatments is crucial for managing your health. It is important to fast, consuming nothing except water, for at least 10 (preferably 12) hours before taking this test to ensure accurate results.What causes low blood glucose?Low glucose levels are most common in diabetics who are taking insulin. This can be avoided by monitoring glucose regularly and through a consistent medical and lifestyle routine. Other causes include vomiting/diarrhea, excess alcohol consumption, excess insulin (hyperinsulinism), low-carbohydrate diet, medicines and diseases of the liver, heart, pancreas, and kidney.Symptoms of low blood glucoseLow blood glucose, also known as hypoglycemia, can cause a variety of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Common symptoms include shakiness, excessive sweating, intense hunger, dizziness, and confusion. You might also experience weakness, headaches, irritability, a rapid heartbeat, and blurred vision. If blood glucose levels drop too low, severe symptoms such as seizures, loss of consciousness, and even coma can occur. If you experience these symptoms, it's important to consume a fast-acting carbohydrate like juice or candy and seek medical attention if necessary.What causes high blood glucose?Typical causes of high blood glucose include dietary and lifestyle factors. Poor sleep, frequent snacking, overconsumption of processed flour and sugar, some sweeteners, overeating, obesity, and inactivity may all increase blood sugar. High blood glucose can be a sign of insulin resistance or diabetes. Other factors and health conditions that increase blood glucose include menstruation, dehydration, increased need for thiamine (vitamin B1), fatty liver and metabolic syndrome.Other health conditions that can increase blood glucose include pancreatitis, hyperthyroidism, Cushing syndrome, and acute stress (in response to trauma or illness).  Interpretation of this test depends on individual factors such as diabetes/insulin resistance status and medication. Test results differ if the test is fasting, non-fasting or taken hours after a meal.  Results can indicate whether a person is in the normal range, the prediabetes range or already suffers from diabetes.Symptoms of high blood glucoseHigh blood glucose, also known as hyperglycemia, can cause a range of symptoms that may vary in severity. Common symptoms include frequent urination, increased thirst, and excessive hunger. You might also experience fatigue, blurred vision, and headaches. High blood glucose can lead to unintended weight loss and slow healing of cuts and bruises. In severe cases, it can cause nausea, vomiting, confusion, and even diabetic ketoacidosis, which is a serious condition requiring immediate medical attention. If you notice these symptoms, it's important to consult a doctor for proper evaluation and management.More informationInsulin, a hormone excreted by the pancreas, helps the body’s cells use or store blood glucose from food. If your body is not able to produce insulin, or insulin is produced but your body’s ability to use it is impaired, as in insulin resistance, glucose remains in your bloodstream. This can result in insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes. Many different factors, including medication, physical activity, diet, and other biological and environmental factors, affect your blood glucose levels.  These are not always easy to control. Chronic high blood sugar can lead to cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, blindness, neurological damage, and ulcers.  Symptoms of poor blood glucose management include fatigue, poor mental capacity, weakness, weight loss, excess thirst, and frequent urination.  Some people have no symptoms at all. In the worst case, both high and low blood sugars can lead to unconsciousness.This test should not be used alone to detect the risk of future diabetes and heart disease.  No test should be used alone to determine whether someone has a blood sugar problem.  It should ideally be used with HBA1C, triglycerides, C-peptide, and homocysteine. Preparations for this testDo not eat or drink anything except water for at least 10 (preferably 12) hours before taking this test.On the dayRemember to take your ID with you when going to take a test. Arrive early and sit for 15 minutes before the test is taken.  

What is a blood group test?The results tell which blood type you have (A, B, AB, or O) and if you are Rh negative or positive. Your healthcare provider will know what blood components you can safely receive.Why test your blood group?Testing your blood group is important for several reasons. If you are or plan to become pregnant, knowing your blood group can help manage any potential complications. Knowing your blood group is useful if you need a blood transfusion. Additionally, some people follow a ‘blood type’ diet, but scientific evidence of its effectiveness is lacking. What do the results mean? The results tell you which blood type you have (A, B, AB, or O) and if you are Rh negative or positive. Your healthcare provider will know what blood components you can safely receive.More information Your blood type (or blood group) depends on the type you inherited from your parents.  Blood typing can also reveal whether you have a substance called Rh factor on the surface of your red blood cells.  If you do, you are Rh+ (positive).  Those without it are considered Rh- (negative). This is very important during pregnancy and childbirth.Preparations for the testThere are no preparations for this test.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when going to take a test.

This test checks for IgM and IgG antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that cause Lyme disease.

What is C-peptide?This test measures the amount of C-peptide in the blood. C-peptide and insulin are produced in the pancreas at the same rate and released into the bloodstream in equal amounts when insulin is required in response to increased glucose levels. C-peptide stays in the bloodstream longer than insulin, making it a useful marker of insulin production. It can be used to differentiate between Type I and Type II diabetes.Low or no C-peptide means that your pancreas produces little or no insulin. This could be normal if you have not eaten recently, as your blood sugar and insulin levels are naturally low when fasting.Why test C-peptide? Testing C-peptide levels is important for several reasons. You can discover risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to take preventive action. This might be particularly important if you have a family or personal history of blood sugar problems, such as diabetes, or risk factors like smoking, drinking, being overweight, and poor diet. Additionally, monitoring C-peptide levels can help evaluate the impact of your supplements and determine the appropriate dosage, ensuring better management of your blood sugar levels and overall health. What causes low C-peptide levels?Low C-peptide levels suggest that your pancreas isn’t working well, and your body isn’t making enough insulin. Possible reasons include diabetes Type I and Type II, insulin therapy, low blood glucose in diabetics on insulin, long periods of fasting or starvation, and poor pancreas function from, for example, pancreatitis. Symptoms of low C-peptideLow C-peptide levels indicate reduced insulin production, often linked to type 1 diabetes or advanced type 2 diabetes. Symptoms include frequent urination and increased thirst as the body tries to eliminate excess glucose, unintended weight loss as fat and muscle are used for energy, and constant fatigue because glucose can't enter cells. You might also experience blurred vision from eye swelling and slow healing of cuts and bruises due to high glucose levels. If you notice these symptoms, it's important to consult a doctor for evaluation and treatment.What causes high C-peptide levels?A high level of C-peptide usually indicates a high level of insulin production. This can be in response to a high blood glucose caused by glucose intake, insulin resistance, or both. Higher than expected C-peptide levels can be caused by eating a high-carbohydrate meal, insulin resistance, obesity, kidney disease, cortisol excess due to Cushing syndrome and occasionally insulin-producing benign tumours. Some medications increase C-peptide, including diabetes medications and glucocorticoids. Pregnancy can increase C-peptide levels.Symptoms of high C-peptideHigh C-peptide levels can indicate excessive insulin production, often associated with conditions like type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, or a pancreatic tumour. Symptoms of high C-peptide levels include frequent hunger, weight gain, and difficulty losing weight due to the body's inability to use insulin effectively. You might also experience fatigue and low energy levels as the body struggles to manage blood sugar properly. Additionally, high C-peptide levels can cause increased thirst and frequent urination as the body attempts to eliminate excess glucose. If you notice these symptoms, it is important to consult a doctor for proper evaluation and treatment.More information Repeat C-peptide tests should be undertaken by the same laboratory using the same method. For instance, if you have previously had a test done at Karolinska you should repeat the test at Karolinska.Preparations for this testDo not eat or drink anything except water for at least 10 (preferably 12) hours before taking this test.On the dayAlways take I.D. with you when going to take a test. Arrive early and sit down quietly for 15 minutes before taking a test.

What is CA 125? CA 125 is a protein (tumor marker) found in the blood that is often elevated in women with ovarian cancer. It is produced by certain cells in the ovaries, uterus, and other tissues. While mainly used in the detection and monitoring of ovarian cancer, CA 125 can also rise in other cancers or in non-cancerous conditions such as endometriosis or inflammation. Why test for CA 125?This test is used to: Help diagnose or evaluate suspected ovarian cancer Monitor treatment response in patients with known ovarian cancer Detect recurrence of ovarian cancer after treatment It may also be considered in other gynecological cancers or certain gastrointestinal and lung cancers, though it is not cancer-specific. What do the results mean? CA 125 levels reflect the presence and progression of disease, particularly in ovarian cancer. A rising level may indicate tumor growth or recurrence, while a declining level often suggests treatment success. However, elevated levels can also be seen in benign conditions, so results should always be interpreted in context. What does it mean if I have high CA 125? High CA 125 levels (typically >35 kU/L) may suggest ovarian cancer, especially when combined with symptoms or imaging findings. However, elevated levels can also occur in uterine, pancreatic, lung, or breast cancer, and in non-malignant conditions such as endometriosis, liver cirrhosis, or pelvic inflammatory disease. A high result does not confirm cancer but should lead to further investigation. What does it mean if I have low CA 125? Low or normal CA 125 levels (typically <35 kU/L) suggest that ovarian cancer is unlikely or that treatment is effective. However, not all ovarian cancers produce CA 125, so a normal level does not completely rule out disease. It is most useful for tracking changes over time in individuals with known elevations. Reference range: Normal: < 35 kU/L Elevated values should be followed up with additional tests and imaging to determine the cause. The CA 125 test is a valuable tool for monitoring ovarian cancer, but it is not a standalone diagnostic test. It should always be interpreted alongside clinical symptoms, physical exams, and imaging findings.

What is CA 125? CA 125 is a tumor marker—a protein that is found in the blood and can be elevated in certain cancers, particularly ovarian cancer. It is produced by some tissues in the body, including the ovaries, uterus, and the lining of the abdominal cavity. CA 125 is used to evaluate the presence, progression, and recurrence of cancer, especially in gynecological contexts. Why test for CA 125? The CA 125 test is commonly used to: Investigate suspected ovarian cancer Monitor treatment response in women with known ovarian cancer Detect recurrence after cancer treatment It may also be used when other gynecologic or abdominal cancers are suspected, or as part of a broader assessment in women with pelvic pain, bloating, or other symptoms. What do the results mean? CA 125 levels provide information about tumor activity, but because they can be elevated in both cancerous and non-cancerous conditions, the result must be interpreted carefully and in context with imaging and other clinical findings. What does it mean if I have high CA 125? Elevated CA 125 levels (typically > 35 kU/L) may indicate: Ovarian cancer Other cancers such as uterine, pancreatic, breast, or lung cancer Benign conditions, including endometriosis, liver cirrhosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, or fibroids A high value should prompt further diagnostic evaluation, usually involving imaging and possibly biopsy. What does it mean if I have low CA 125? Normal or low CA 125 levels (typically < 35 kU/L) suggest: No active tumor producing CA 125, which is reassuring Effective treatment response, if the test is being used to monitor cancer However, not all cancers produce CA 125, especially in early stages, so a normal result does not completely rule out cancer. Reference range: Normal: < 35 kU/L Results above this threshold require further clinical evaluation. Reference values may vary slightly depending on the lab and analysis method. CA 125 is a valuable marker for monitoring ovarian cancer, but due to its limited specificity, it should always be interpreted in combination with imaging, physical exams, and other diagnostic findings.

What is the CA 15-3 test and what does it show? CA 15-3 is a tumor marker measured in venous blood, primarily used to monitor the progression and treatment response in individuals with breast cancer. It detects a protein shed by certain cancer cells into the bloodstream. While most commonly associated with breast cancer, CA 15-3 levels can also be affected by other cancers or non-cancerous conditions. What do the results mean? Normal levels – Typically below 30 U/mL, suggesting no active cancer or stable disease in most cases Elevated levels (>30 U/mL) – May indicate active, advanced, or recurrent breast cancer, but can also occur in: Other cancers such as liver, colorectal, ovarian, pancreatic, lung, gastric, prostate, cervical, or uterine cancer Non-malignant conditions like liver cirrhosis, benign breast disease, or inflammation Note: Values may vary depending on the laboratory and testing method When is the test suitable? In patients with a confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer, for: Monitoring treatment effectiveness Assessing disease progression Detecting cancer recurrence When there is a clinical need to evaluate possible metastasis or follow up on previous abnormal CA 15-3 levels Interpretation and limitations CA 15-3 is elevated in up to 70% of patients with metastatic breast cancer, but it is not specific to breast cancer, and not all breast cancer patients will have high levels. Therefore, it is not used for screening or diagnosis, but rather as a monitoring tool. Results must be interpreted in context with imaging, clinical findings, and other diagnostic tests. Mild to moderate elevations can occur in benign conditions, so a single elevated value does not confirm cancer.

S-Calcitonin is a blood test that measures the level of calcitonin, a hormone produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland.

Calcium is one of the most abundant and important minerals in the body.  It is essential for cell signalling and the proper functioning of nerves, muscles and the heart. A calcium test measures the amount of calcium in the blood. Only 1% of calcium is found in the blood, and this test is not used to check dietary calcium sufficiency.Unless this is ordered as a retest or for a specific reason, we recommend ordering this as part of a health test.Why test calcium?Testing calcium levels is important for several reasons. It helps discover risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to take preventive action. If you have symptoms of a disorder affecting the kidneys, bones, thyroid, parathyroid, or nerves, or symptoms of increased or decreased calcium levels, testing aids in diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, monitoring calcium levels allows you to track changes in your blood values as you make lifestyle changes or undergo treatments, ensuring that any adjustments positively impact your health.What do the results mean?Blood calcium test results do not indicate levels of bone calcium.  Blood calcium test results indicate how much calcium is circulating in the blood.  A normal total or ionised calcium,along with other normal laboratory results generally means that a person's calcium metabolism is normal and blood levels are being appropriately regulated.What causes low calcium?The most common cause is low blood protein levels, particularly low albumin. This can result from liver disease or malnutrition and may be caused by alcoholism, eating disorders, and other conditions. Hypoparathyroidism, decreased levels of vitamin D, low stomach acid levels, magnesium deficiency, pancreatitis, and extreme deficiency in dietary calcium can cause low calcium levels.Symptoms of low calciumLow calcium levels, known as hypocalcemia, can cause various symptoms including muscle cramps and spasms, particularly in the hands, feet, and face, as well as numbness and tingling in the fingers, toes, and around the mouth. Other symptoms include persistent fatigue, mood changes like irritability and anxiety, brittle nails and hair, dry skin, and in severe cases, seizures. Abnormal heart rhythms or palpitations may also occur. If you experience these symptoms, consult a doctor for proper evaluation and treatment.What causes high calcium?Hyperparathyroidism, underactive thyroid, and cancer can all increase calcium levels in the blood.  Other causes include TB, sarcoidosis, excess vitamin D, the use of certain medications and infections.  Some medicines like thiazide diuretic drugs, lithium, and tamoxifen can increase calcium in the blood.Symptoms of high calciumHigh calcium levels, known as hypercalcemia, can cause symptoms such as frequent urination and increased thirst due to dehydration, persistent fatigue, nausea and vomiting, and constipation. You may also experience abdominal pain, bone pain, and muscle aches. Cognitive issues can include confusion and memory problems and physical issues include irregular heartbeats or palpitations. If you notice these symptoms, it's important to consult a doctor for proper evaluation and treatment.More informationBlood and urine calcium measurements cannot tell how much calcium is in the bones. Another test called a bone density or "Dexa" scan is used to test this.Values that are slightly outside the reference range can be normal. Reference ranges are not perfect and approximately 5% of healthy individuals may have results outside the reference range.Preparations for this testNo advance preparation is needed for this test.On the day of the testRemember to take I.D. with you when going to take a test. Arrive early and sit down quietly for 15 minutes before the test is taken.  

What is CEA? Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a protein found in low levels in the blood of healthy individuals. It is produced during fetal development but is normally suppressed after birth. In adults, elevated CEA levels can occur in various types of cancer, especially colorectal cancer. Because of this, CEA is used as a tumor marker—mainly to assess cancer activity, monitor treatment, and detect recurrence. Why test for CEA? The CEA test is primarily used to: Investigate suspected colorectal cancer Monitor treatment response in patients with known cancer Detect recurrence after cancer therapy It can also be relevant in other cancers, such as pancreatic, lung, breast, or gastric cancer, and may support ongoing evaluation in patients with non-specific symptoms like weight loss, fatigue, or gastrointestinal issues. What do the results mean? CEA levels indicate whether there may be active disease producing this marker. However, because it is not cancer-specific, results must always be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical and diagnostic findings. What does it mean if I have high CEA level? Elevated CEA levels (typically > 5 ng/mL) may indicate: Colorectal cancer Other cancers such as pancreatic, lung, breast, or stomach cancer Certain non-cancerous conditions, including: Liver cirrhosis Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g. Crohn’s, ulcerative colitis) Chronic lung diseases (e.g. emphysema) Smoking A high result does not confirm cancer, but further testing—such as imaging or biopsy—is often needed to investigate the cause. A high result does not confirm cancer, but further testing—such as imaging or biopsy—is often needed to investigate the cause.What does it mean if I have low or normal CEA? Normal CEA levels (typically < 5 ng/mL) suggest: No significant tumor activity from CEA-producing cancers Effective treatment if cancer is already diagnosed. However, some cancers do not produce CEA, particularly in the early stages. A normal result does not fully rule out cancer, but it reduces its likelihood.   The S-CEA test is a useful tool in cancer monitoring, especially for colorectal cancer, but should always be used alongside other clinical assessments for accurate diagnosis and follow-up.

Cat allergy is one of the most common pet allergies.

What is an ACPA test?Cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies can be present in the blood if you have an autoimmune disease known as Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They are directed against cyclic citrullinated peptides (CCP).  These antibodies can be elevated in someone with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A CCP antibody test test detects and measures anti-CCP antibodies in the blood. It is used alongside a rheumatoid factor test to give a picture of RA risk and prognosis.Why test ACPA?Testing ACPA can be helpful if you have symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, and your rheumatoid factor test was negative. Other reasons include a family history of rheumatoid arthritis or similar autoimmune diseases. What do the results mean?RA is a clinical diagnosis made by considering symptoms in conjunction with tests. A doctor can diagnose you with rheumatoid arthritis even if both tests are negative if there are clear symptoms. Not everyone with rheumatoid arthritis has CCP antibodies in their bloodstream.The ACPA/CCP antibody test can help diagnose RA in someone with joint inflammation and symptoms that suggest, but do not yet meet, the criteria of RA.  It may be ordered with a rheumatoid factor (RF) test, or if the RF result is negative.NegativeA negative CCP test means you don't have antibodies against CCP in your bloodstream.PositiveA positive CCP test means that you have antibodies against CCP in your bloodstream. The ACPA/CCP antibody test can help diagnose RA in someone who has joint inflammation with symptoms that suggest but do not yet meet the criteria of RA and may be ordered along with RF or if the RF result is negative.ACP antibodies are specific for rheumatoid arthritis. A positive test means a likely diagnosis of RA.  The presence of these antibodies may also predict the future development of RA and can be detected in healthy individuals many years before the onset of clinical or diagnosed RA.  However, these antibodies are not found in everyone with RA.This test, alongside the rheumatoid factor test, gives the most complete picture of RA status and risk. Please note that rheumatoid arthritis is a clinical diagnosis. Discuss your results and symptoms with a rheumatologist.Preparations for this testNo preparation is needed for this test.On the day of the testRemember to take your I.D. with you when going to take a test. Do not work out before going to do this test, as this may affect your results. Take this test before 10 am, as results can vary throughout the day. Arrive early and sit quietly for 15 minutes before taking the test.Other informationThis test is usually done alongside a rheumatoid factor test (link to below text) for a full analysis. This analysis is done daily. You can expect the results within 2-3 days.  

What is CDT (carbohydrate deficient transferrin)?The CDT test is a sensitive biomarker that tracks heavy alcohol consumption over the longer term. The results of this test will give an indication of the extent of recent alcohol consumption.If you drink steadily and heavily (4-6 units of alcohol per day) over several weeks, the percentage of CDT increases. You will continues as long as you continuously drink heavily. Occasional or binge drinking also raises CDT levels, though this depends on the frequency and the quantity consumed.If you reduce your alcohol consumption, your CDT levels will fall after a few weeks. CDT is a specific test, meaning other substances do not affect the test result. CDT is used as an official test to evaluate harmful alcohol use. Why Test CDT?Job RequirementSome employers require you to take this test before starting a new job.Official RequirementYou may need this alongside a GGT test to satisfy an authority, for example the Swedish Transport Authority.What do the results mean?CDT test results indicate the extent of recent alcohol consumption when combined with other tests, such as GGT.Low/NormalA low test result indicates that you have not been drinking excessively over the last few weeks.HighAn elevated CDT indicates excess drinking for the last few weeks or months.Preparations for this testAvoid drinking alcohol the night before taking this test.The day of the testAlways take your ID with you when going for a test. Arrive early, and sit down quietly for 15 minutes before the test is taken.

What is CEA? Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a protein that is normally produced in small amounts but can be elevated in the blood in certain types of cancer—particularly colorectal cancer. It is used as a tumor marker to help evaluate the presence and progression of cancer, track treatment response, and monitor for relapse. Why test for CEA? The CEA test is primarily used in: Investigating suspected colon or rectal cancer Monitoring treatment response in patients with known colorectal cancer Detecting cancer recurrence after surgery or other treatments It may also be used for cancers of the pancreas, breast, stomach, or lungs, and in some cases of benign disease affecting the liver or intestines. What do the results mean? CEA levels provide information about possible cancer activity or response to treatment. Rising levels may indicate tumor progression or recurrence, while stable or decreasing levels usually suggest that treatment is effective or that the disease is not active. What does it mean if I have high CEA? Elevated CEA levels (typically > 5 ng/mL) can indicate colorectal cancer, but may also be seen in other cancers such as pancreatic, lung, breast, or gastric cancer. Non-cancerous causes of elevated CEA include liver cirrhosis, inflammatory bowel disease, emphysema, and smoking. Because many conditions can influence CEA levels, elevated results must be interpreted carefully and in combination with other tests and clinical data. What does it mean if I have low CEA? Low or normal CEA values (typically < 5 ng/mL) suggest that there is no active disease producing this marker. However, some cancers do not raise CEA levels, particularly in early stages, so a normal result does not completely exclude malignancy. It is most useful when tracking trends over time in patients with previously elevated CEA. Reference range: Normal: < 5 ng/mL Values above this should be assessed in clinical context, and further investigations such as imaging or biopsy may be warranted. The CEA test is a useful tool for monitoring cancer, particularly colorectal cancer, but it should not be used in isolation. It is most powerful when used to track disease activity over time and to support other diagnostic findings.

Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) is a coniferous tree whose pollen contains the allergen Cry j 1, a protein known to cause strong allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. This test measures IgE antibodies to Cry j 1 in a blood sample to determine if your immune system reacts to cedar pollen. Why take the test? This test is useful if you: Experience sneezing, itchy or watery eyes, nasal congestion, or asthma during spring pollen season Already have known pollen allergies and suspect cedar may be a trigger Want to confirm a diagnosis for more targeted treatment or allergy vaccination Need to differentiate cedar allergy from other tree pollens What do the results mean? High IgE levels – Indicate that your body has developed an allergic reaction to Japanese cedar pollen. Low IgE levels – Make cedar allergy less likely, but other pollen allergies may still explain your symptoms.

What is a ceruloplasmin test and what does it show? The S-Ceruloplasmin test is a blood test used to assess your body’s copper metabolism by measuring levels of ceruloplasmin, a protein that binds and transports copper in the bloodstream. Ceruloplasmin plays an essential role in several biological functions, including iron metabolism, antioxidant defense, and cellular energy production. The test is particularly useful when evaluating suspected copper imbalances, liver dysfunction, or genetic conditions such as Wilson’s disease or Menkes disease. What do the results mean? Normal levels – Suggest stable copper regulation and no indication of excess or deficiency Low ceruloplasmin – May indicate copper deficiency, which can result from malnutrition, malabsorption, genetic disorders (e.g., Wilson’s or Menkes disease), or liver dysfunction. Symptoms may include anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, neurological changes, and a weakened immune system High ceruloplasmin – May point to copper overload, often associated with chronic inflammation, liver disease, or hormonal influences such as pregnancy or estrogen therapy When is the test suitable? In cases of unexplained fatigue, anemia, or neurological symptoms If there is a family history of Wilson’s disease or other copper-related conditions When evaluating chronic liver disease or inflammatory disorders As part of a broader assessment of trace element balance or metabolic health Interpretation and limitations Abnormal ceruloplasmin levels may suggest a disruption in copper metabolism, but further testing is often required to determine the exact cause. This may include measuring serum copper, urinary copper, or performing liver function tests. Elevated levels can occur in response to non-specific inflammation or hormonal changes, while low levels may not always result in clinical symptoms. Test results should always be interpreted in the context of symptoms and other laboratory findings.

What is chloride?Chloride is one of the most important electrolytes in the blood. It helps keep the amount of fluid inside and outside of your cells in balance.Why test chloride? Unless this is ordered as a retest or for a specific reason, we recommend ordering this as part of a health test.What causes low chloride (hypochloremia)?This means you have less chloride in the blood than expected (for your age and gender). Causes of low chloride include insufficient salt intake, excessive chloride loss through the digestive system or urine, excess fluid intake, and health conditions that cause fluid retention, such as congestive heart failure, metabolic alkalosis,  and electrolyte imbalance.Symptoms of low chloride Symptoms of low chloride levels, also known as hypochloremia, include fatigue, muscle weakness, breathing difficulties, excessive thirst, high blood pressure, and, in severe cases, confusion or seizures. These symptoms occur due to the imbalance in electrolytes affecting the body's fluid balance and acid-base balance. What causes high chloride (hyperchloremia)?This means you have more chloride in the blood than expected (for your age and gender).  Excess salt in the diet, kidney inflammation, medications, chloride-rich food, some health conditions, dehydration, stress, and certain therapies can all increase chloride levels. Symptoms of high chlorideSymptoms of high chloride levels, or hyperchloremia, include dehydration, excessive thirst, high blood pressure, muscle weakness, fatigue, and, in severe cases, confusion or irregular heartbeats. These symptoms arise because of an imbalance in electrolytes, affecting the body's fluid and acid-base balance.More informationPreparations for this testNo preparation is needed for this test.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when going to take a test.  Arrive early and sit down quietly for 15 minutes before the test. 

This blood test measures IgE antibodies to proteins found in cod, especially parvalbumin, which is the main allergen in many fish species.

What is the copper test and what does it show? This Copper test measures the level of copper in the blood serum. Copper is an essential trace element involved in energy production, iron metabolism, nervous system function, and connective tissue formation. This test helps assess whether copper levels are deficient, elevated, or within normal range, and can provide important information about nutritional status, liver function, and genetic disorders related to copper metabolism. What do the results mean? Normal levels (age ≥11 years) – Typically fall within the reference range of 11–23 µmol/L, indicating balanced copper status Low copper levels – May result from malnutrition, malabsorption, genetic disorders like Menkes disease, or long-term zinc supplementation (which interferes with copper absorption). Symptoms can include anemia, fatigue, neurological issues, and weak connective tissue High copper levels – May be seen in Wilson’s disease, liver disease, or chronic inflammation, and should be further investigated when persistent When is the test suitable? In cases of suspected copper deficiency due to poor nutrition, digestive disorders, or excessive zinc intake To monitor copper overload in conditions such as Wilson’s disease For individuals with unexplained neurological symptoms, fatigue, or anemia In patients undergoing treatment with copper-modifying therapies As part of a comprehensive evaluation of liver function or genetic metabolic disorders Interpretation and limitations Copper in the blood is 90–95% bound to ceruloplasmin, a liver-derived protein. Because of this, copper levels should always be interpreted alongside ceruloplasmin. Elevated ceruloplasmin levels—seen in inflammation, pregnancy, or estrogen use—can lead to false elevations in serum copper. Similarly, low ceruloplasmin can result in low total copper even if actual bioavailable copper is sufficient. In conditions like Wilson’s disease, measuring free (non–ceruloplasmin-bound) copper or calculating the copper-to-ceruloplasmin ratio is often necessary for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

What is Cortisol?Cortisol is the primary stress hormone. It regulates many important processes in the body.  Nordic Wellth’s blood cortisol test is a single cortisol reading, that is tested between 7 and 8 am.The results of cortisol testing need to be interpreted in the light of other test results as well as signs and symptoms. Cortisol levels are usually low at bedtime and highest just after waking. Studies have shown that people with optimal cortisol levels throughout the day often feel healthier. A normal cortisol pattern is altered if a person works rotating shifts and sleeps at different times on different days. Long-term and acute stress can disrupt the cortisol rhythm. Bodily rhythms and cortisol patterns‘Stress’ refers to things we typically think of as stressors, like managing family life, work, deadlines, intense studying, deaths, and financial problems, and factors like overeating, poor nutrition and consumption of inflammatory foods, frequent infections, injury, trauma, obesity, chronic inflammation, depression, nutrient deficiencies, exposure to environmental toxicants, pregnancy, and chronic illness.  Cortisol is a key part of our natural stress response pathway. It is critical to our health.  Collectively known as the HPA Axis, the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands work together to regulate functions like the stress response, mood, digestion, the immune system, metabolism and energy levels.  The HPA Axis controls critical functions including digestion, heart rate, and blood pressure. Chronically elevated or low levels of cortisol increase the risk of several diseases. Several factors can either increase or decrease the normal, healthy stress response.Why test cortisol?Testing cortisol levels is important for several reasons. Firstly, it helps discover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to do something about them. Secondly, monitoring cortisol allows you to observe changes in your blood values as you make lifestyle changes or undergo treatments, providing insight into your body's response. Lastly, cortisol levels can significantly impact how you manage other health conditions, such as thyroid disease.What do the results mean?Your results will tell you how much cortisol is in your blood at the time of the test. The results will tell you if your cortisol is in the expected range.Cortisol is normally low in the evening and high in the morning after waking. This may not be true of everyone. People who work irregular hours may have a different cortisol pattern.Causes of high cortisol High cortisol levels can be caused by chronic stress, Cushing's syndrome, prolonged use of corticosteroid medications, adrenal gland tumours, pituitary gland tumours (resulting in Cushing's disease), and certain medical conditions such as depression, obesity, and severe infections. Symptoms of high cortisolSymptoms of high cortisol levels include weight gain, particularly around the abdomen and face, thinning skin that bruises easily, slow healing of cuts, acne, muscle weakness, fatigue, high blood pressure, mood swings, anxiety, depression, and irregular menstrual periods or decreased libido in women.Causes of low cortisol Low cortisol levels can be caused by Addison's disease, which is an autoimmune disorder affecting the adrenal glands, long-term use of corticosteroids followed by abrupt discontinuation, pituitary gland disorders that reduce ACTH production, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic condition affecting cortisol synthesis. Symptoms of low cortisol Symptoms of low cortisol include fatigue, muscle weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and skin darkening, especially in areas exposed to the sun. These symptoms can be indicative of adrenal insufficiency or Addison's disease. Preparations for this testNo preparation is needed for this test.  Try to go to bed at the usual time and avoid stressful activities.On the dayThis test should be taken between 7 and 8 am after a normal night’s rest. Always take I.D. with you when going to take a test. Arrive early and sit down quietly for 15 minutes before taking a test.  

This blood test measures IgE antibodies against cow dander (epidermal particles from cows), which can trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

What is the cow's milk allergy test and what does it show? This blood test measures IgE antibodies against cow’s milk proteins to determine if you have a milk allergy. Cow’s milk allergy is a common food allergy that often begins in childhood but can also affect adults. Symptoms may include skin rash, stomach pain, diarrhea or breathing difficulties, and in some cases the reaction can be severe or life-threatening. Why test for cow's milk allergy? The test is recommended if you experience: Digestive symptoms after consuming milk or dairy (e.g. cramps, bloating, diarrhea) Skin issues like eczema or rashes without clear cause Breathing symptoms such as wheezing or nasal congestion Need for diagnosis in children with suspected food allergies Ongoing symptoms where milk allergy is a possible explanation What do the results mean? High IgE levels – Indicate an allergic reaction to milk proteins. This supports a diagnosis of cow’s milk allergy and may explain symptoms. Low or negative IgE levels – Mean that IgE-mediated milk allergy is less likely. However, non-IgE-mediated reactions (e.g. lactose intolerance or other forms of hypersensitivity) may still occur. Summary The Cow’s Milk Allergy IgE Test helps confirm or rule out an allergy to milk proteins. It provides important information for understanding your symptoms and guiding treatment. All results should be interpreted in consultation with a doctor to ensure correct diagnosis and care.

What is Creatine Kinase (CK)?Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme found in the heart, brain, skeletal muscle and other bodily tissues.  CK increases in the blood in the presence of muscle damage. This test measures blood levels of creatine kinase.Why test Creatine Kinase?Creatine kinase can detect and monitor muscle damage, if you have muscle weakness, muscle aches, or dark urine or a healthcare practitioner suspects muscle damage. This test is also sometimes used in the case of persistent muscle injury.What Causes Low Creatine Kinase?Causes of low or lower creatine kinase can include muscle atrophy due to lack of exercise, malnutrition (especially protein insufficiency), extreme weight loss, liver problems, shock, dehydration, illness or ageing, inflammation in autoimmune disease, pregnancy, and some types of cancer.Symptoms of low creatine kinaseLow creatine kinase (CK) levels are generally not associated with specific symptoms and are often not clinically significant. They might indicate decreased muscle mass or atrophy due to aging, chronic illness, or inactivity, and occasionally point to genetic disorders affecting muscle metabolism. Regular monitoring helps correlate CK levels with overall health status. What Causes High Creatine Kinase?When muscle tissues are damaged, creatine kinase seeps into the blood. Thus, high blood levels of creatine kinase indicate tissue damage from e.g. stroke, heart attack or injury, but not the cause of the damage.  Moderately increased CK levels can be normal in African populations and temorarily after strenuous exercise.Healthy people sometimes have higher CK levels. Exercise and medicines can temporarily elevate levels. Underlying health problems that can increase creatine kinase are many and range from hypothermia to diabetes.A value of 100 times normal levels is a sign of rhabdomyolysis. Normal CK levels may indicate that there has not been muscle damage or that it occurred several days before testing. People of African descent can have significantly higher CK levels than other populations.Symptoms of high creatine kinaseHigh creatine kinase levels typically indicate muscle damage or stress, leading to several symptoms. These can include muscle pain, tenderness, and swelling, often accompanied by weakness or difficulty moving the affected muscles. In severe cases, individuals might experience dark urine, a sign of muscle protein breakdown affecting the kidneys. High creatine kinase levels can result from intense physical activity, muscle injuries, heart attacks, or conditions like rhabdomyolysis, necessitating prompt medical attention to address the underlying cause.Preparations for this testNo preparation is needed for this test.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when going to take a test. Arrive early and sit for 15 minutes before taking a test.

What is Creatinine?Creatinine is a waste product of normal muscle wear and tear. Everyone has creatinine in their bloodstream.  Creatinine can be used as part of a panel of tests to evaluate kidney status. It is often tested alongside sodium and potassium.Why test creatinine?Creatinine can help identify your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to do something about them. This is also a relevant test if you drink a lot of alcohol, or eat a diet low in nutrient-rich foods such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and beans. It can also be helpful to monitor changes to your blood values as you make lifestyle changes or take supplements.What causes low creatinine?Some causes of low or lower creatinine can include muscle atrophy, Malnutrition (especially protein insufficiency), extreme weight loss, liver problems, pregnancy, shock, dehydration, and some diseases.Symptoms of low creatinineLow creatinine levels in the blood are generally less common and often less concerning than high levels, but they can still indicate underlying health issues. Symptoms of low creatinine may include muscle weakness, fatigue, and reduced muscle mass, as creatinine is a byproduct of muscle metabolism. Low levels can also be associated with certain medical conditions such as liver disease, severe weight loss, or chronic illness. It’s important to investigate the cause of low creatinine levels, especially if accompanied by other symptoms.What causes high creatinine? The underlying conditions that may cause symptoms are those which affect kidney function, such as kidney disease, benign prostate hyperplasia, urinary tract congestion, diabetes, hyper and hypothyroidism, and high blood pressure. Symptoms include dark urine, puffy eyes, feet or face, back pain, fatigue, low fever, headache, confusion, and reduced urination.Symptoms of high creatinine High creatinine levels can indicate impaired kidney function or other medical conditions affecting the kidneys. Symptoms of high creatinine can include decreased urine output, fluid retention causing swelling in the legs and ankles, and shortness of breath. Individuals may also experience fatigue, confusion, and nausea due to the buildup of waste products in the blood. High creatinine levels can result from acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, severe dehydration, or conditions such as diabetes and hypertension, necessitating prompt medical evaluation and management to prevent further kidney damage. More informationPreparations for this testThere is no need to do any preparation for this test.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when going to take a test.

What is high-sensitive CRP?C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein that is produced by the liver in response to inflammation, infection, and after surgery or trauma.  A high-sensitivity CRP test (hsCRP) can identify even low levels of inflammation.Why test high-sensitive CRP?This test can help you to discover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to do something about them. Recent studies suggest a link between hs-CRP and the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. It can also be useful to monitor nutrients if you eat a poor diet low in nutrient-dense foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and beans, or if you have a history of inflammatory condition(s). You can use this test to monitor changes to your blood values as you make lifestyle changes or take supplements.What causes low hs-CRP?A low level of hsCRP is normal and desired. Research shows that you are at low risk of developing cardiovascular disease if your hs-CRP level is lower than 1.0 mg/L.Symptoms of low hs-CRPThere are no symptoms of low hs-CRPWhat causes high hs-CRP?A higher level of hs-CRP in healthy individuals means that you have a higher amount of this inflammatory marker in your blood. A higher level can predict an increased risk of a future heart attack, stroke, and artery disease, even when lipid markers are normal.The American Heart Association (AHA) and U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have defined the following risk groups:   Low risk: less than 1.0 mg/L Average risk: 1.0 to 3.0 mg/L High risk: above 3.0 mg/L A result over 10 mg/L may suggest the need for further testing to determine the cause of such significant inflammation.It is important to note that the overall evaluation process for heart disease should include a wider panel of tests including cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and other factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes.Symptoms of high hs-CRP High levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) indicate inflammation in the body and can be associated with fatigue, unexplained weight loss, and persistent low-grade fever. Muscle aches, joint pain, and stiffness are also common. Additionally, high hs-CRP levels can signal an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, so symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and swelling might be present. Identifying and addressing the underlying causes of inflammation is crucial when high hs-CRP levels are detected. More information Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen) or statins may reduce blood levels of CRP.  Anti-inflammatory drugs and statins may help to reduce inflammation and thus CRP levels. Women on hormone replacement therapy have been shown to have elevated hs-CRP levels.Preparations for this testIf you will take a lipid panel alongside hsCRP, consume only water for at least 10 (preferably 12) hours. You should be healthy when you take this test, with no recent injuries, illnesses, infections, or inflammation. If you have any of these, it is best to postpone the test as any recent illness, tissue injury, infections or other general inflammation will raise the amount of CRP and give a falsely elevated risk estimate.On the day of the testAlways take your ID with you when going for a test.  Arrive early and sit for 15 minutes before the test is taken.  

What is cystatin C?Cystatin C is a protein that is produced throughout the body. A cystatin C test is used to help evaluate kidney function, and it plays many other roles in health, including its role in predicting new-onset diabetes or deteriorating cardiovascular disease.Unlike creatinine, cystatin C is not significantly affected by muscle mass (hence, neither sex nor age), race, or diet.Why test cystatin C?You can test cystatin C to discover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases, if you drink a lot of alcohol, or eat a diet low in nutrient-rich foods such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and beans, or to monitor changes to your blood values as you make lifestyle changes, or take supplements or medication.LowYou have a lower level of cystatin C than expected in your bloodstream.What causes low cystatin C?Low cystatin C is rare and should be discussed with your doctor.Symptoms of low cystatin CLow cystatin C levels are uncommon and typically do not cause specific symptoms. However, they can sometimes be associated with conditions involving rapid muscle loss or malnutrition, which might lead to general symptoms like muscle weakness, fatigue, and unintended weight loss. In such cases, it's important to investigate the underlying cause to ensure proper nutritional and medical support.What causes high cystatin C?A high level of cystatin C in the blood corresponds to a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and is associated with kidney dysfunction. Cystatin C should remain steady in the blood if the kidneys are working efficiently and the GFR is normal. An imbalance of cystatin C can also occur with normal aging, due to unhealthy lifestyle factors or some chronic diseases. People with osteoporosis have elevated cystatin C, as do those with hyperthyroidism and diabetes. Recent studies suggest that increased levels of cystatin C may also be associated with an increased risk of heart disease, heart failure, and mortality. Scientists are still trying to understand the relationship between cystatin C and these conditions.If both your cystatin C and your hsCRP are high, this might indicate inflammation. If you want to rule out systemic inflammation, we recommend testing other inflammatory markers such as ESR, TNF alpha, IL-6, fibrinogen and homocysteine (preferably with folate and B). Symptoms of high cystatin CHigh cystatin C levels often indicate impaired kidney function and can be associated with symptoms of kidney disease. These symptoms might include reduced urine output, fluid retention leading to swelling in the legs and ankles, and fatigue. Other signs can include high blood pressure, nausea, and shortness of breath due to the buildup of waste products in the blood. High cystatin C levels can signal the need for further evaluation and management of potential kidney issues to prevent further damage.More informationPreparations for this testNo preparation is needed for this test.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when going to take a test.  Arrive early and sit down quietly for 15 minutes before taking the test. 

Histamine intolerance occurs when the body has a reduced ability to break down histamine—a substance naturally found in both foods and the body. When histamine builds up, it can trigger symptoms that closely resemble allergies but without a true allergic reaction. Common symptoms include: Headaches or migraines Itching or skin rashes Swelling Stomach upset, bloating, or diarrhea Palpitations Nasal congestion Asthma-like breathing issues Because these symptoms overlap with conditions like IBS, allergies, or chronic fatigue, histamine intolerance is often misdiagnosed. Why take the test? This test measures the level of the enzyme Diamine Oxidase (DAO) in your blood. DAO is essential for breaking down histamine in the digestive tract. A low DAO level means histamine may accumulate, triggering uncomfortable or even disabling symptoms. The test is especially relevant if you experience: Unexplained symptoms after eating Migraines or chronic headaches IBS-like symptoms Fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue Sensitivity to foods like aged cheese, wine, tuna, sausage, or fermented products What do the results mean? DAO Level (U/mL) Interpretation >10 Normal enzyme activity – histamine likely broken down properly 3–10 Moderately reduced DAO – possible histamine intolerance <3 Severely reduced DAO – strong indication of intolerance   How can low DAO affect you? If DAO is too low, histamine builds up in the body. This can lead to allergy-like symptoms, even though you are not truly allergic. You might feel better by adjusting your diet and avoiding high-histamine foods. Things to consider before testing DAO levels can be temporarily affected by: Certain medications (e.g., antibiotics, acid blockers, antihypertensives) Pregnancy Recent allergic shock (anaphylaxis) Avoid testing during these times to ensure accurate results. Test details and turnaround Sample type: Venous blood Performed by: Accredited laboratories Result time: Within 14 working days

This test measures IgG antibodies to deamidated gliadin, a modified form of gluten.

What is DHEAS?DHEAS is a hormone produced in the adrenal glands. It is converted to testosterone and estrogen. DHEAS is measured to evaluate adrenal function and certain adrenal tumours, signs of imbalanced hormones or excess facial and body hair in girls and women, or early puberty in boys. It may also be used to investigate symptoms like tiredness, weakness, & weight loss.Why test DHEAS?Testing DHEA-S levels is important for several reasons. Firstly, it helps discover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to do something about them. Secondly, monitoring DHEA-S allows you to observe changes in your blood values as you make lifestyle changes, take supplements, or undergo treatments. in the case of signs and symptoms of excess male hormones, such as unexplained weight gain, fatigue, or abnormal hair growth  testing DHEA-S can help identify and address these hormonal imbalances.More informationWhat do the results mean?DHEAS results are evaluated alongside other test results.What causes low DHEAS?Low concentrations of DHEA-S could be caused by adrenal dysfunction or hypopituitarism, or a condition that causes decreased levels of the pituitary hormones that regulate the production and secretion of adrenal hormones. Normal DHEA-S concentrations, alongside normal concentrations of other androgens, suggest that the adrenal gland is functioning normally or (more rarely) that an adrenal tumour or cancer present is not secreting hormones.Symptoms of low DHEASLow levels of DHEA-S (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) can lead to various symptoms due to its role in hormone production and overall health. Common symptoms of low DHEA-S include fatigue, reduced muscle mass and strength, and a decrease in bone density, which can increase the risk of osteoporosis. Individuals might also experience a decline in libido, mood changes such as depression or anxiety, and cognitive issues like memory problems. Additionally, low DHEA-S can contribute to a weakened immune system, making one more susceptible to infections and illnesses.What causes high DHEAS?High levels of DHEA-S are common in women with PCOS. It could also indicate adrenal cancer or adrenal hyperplasia. Increased concentrations of DHEA-S are not diagnostic of a specific condition; they usually indicate the need for further testing to pinpoint the cause of the hormone imbalance.Symptoms of high DHEASHigh levels of DHEA-S (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) can lead to various symptoms due to its effect on hormonal balance. Common symptoms include acne, oily skin, and hair loss, especially in women. Individuals may also experience irregular menstrual cycles, excessive facial or body hair growth (hirsutism), and deeper voice changes. Mood swings, anxiety, and increased aggression are also possible. High DHEA-S levels can be linked to conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or adrenal gland disorders. More informationValues that are slightly outside the reference range can be normal. Reference ranges are not perfect and approximately 5% of healthy individuals may have results outside the reference range.Preparations for this testAvoid fatty foods and alcohol today the day before the test.On the day of the testAlways take your ID. with you when going to take a test.

What is the DAO test and what does it show? The DAO (Diamine Oxidase) test is a blood test that measures the level of DAO enzyme in the serum. DAO is the body’s main enzyme for breaking down histamine from food. When DAO levels are low, histamine may accumulate in the body and cause symptoms similar to an allergic reaction, even though no actual allergy is present. The test is used to investigate histamine intolerance, which can contribute to a wide range of unexplained symptoms. What do the results mean?a >10 U/mL – Normal DAO activity, indicating that histamine is likely being broken down effectively. 3–10 U/mL – Reduced DAO activity, which may be associated with mild to moderate histamine intolerance. <3 U/mL – Severely reduced DAO activity, indicating a high likelihood of histamine accumulation and intolerance symptoms Note: Reference ranges may vary slightly depending on the laboratory used When is the test suitable? For individuals with diffuse symptoms like headaches, nasal congestion, itching, palpitations, fatigue, or digestive issues (e.g., bloating, diarrhea) after eating histamine-rich foods such as: Aged cheeses Wine Cured meats Tuna Fermented products In patients with conditions like IBS, migraines, fibromyalgia, or chronic fatigue, where histamine intolerance may be a contributing factor When allergic testing is negative, but allergy-like symptoms persist Interpretation and limitations A low DAO level indicates impaired ability to break down dietary histamine, which may lead to histamine accumulation and symptoms such as skin flushing, swelling, gastrointestinal discomfort, and cardiovascular symptoms. Low DAO levels may result from: Medications (e.g., morphine, antibiotics, NSAIDs, proton pump inhibitors) Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) Allergies or nutritional deficiencies A high DAO level is generally not concerning and suggests adequate enzyme capacity. However, elevated values may rarely be seen in kidney disease, cystic fibrosis, or tumor-related conditions. Test results should always be interpreted in the context of symptoms, medications, and clinical history—especially in cases of pregnancy or recent allergic reactions.

Doggrass is one of the most common grass species in Sweden and a frequent cause of summer pollen allergies. Its pollen can trigger symptoms like sneezing, nasal congestion, itchy eyes, and sometimes breathing difficulties. This test measures the level of IgE antibodies to doggrass in your blood to determine whether your immune system reacts to this specific type of pollen. Why take the test? The test is helpful if you: Experience pollen-related symptoms during the summer Want to identify which grass species you’re allergic to Need a more accurate diagnosis for allergy treatment or vaccination Are unsure whether symptoms are due to grass pollen or other allergens What do the results mean? High IgE levels – Suggest an allergy to doggrass pollen. It may also point to cross-reactivity with other grass species, which can worsen symptoms. Low IgE levels – Speak against a doggrass allergy, but other grass or pollen allergies might still be the cause of your symptoms.  

What is the eGFR Cystatin C test and what does it show? The eGFR Cystatin C test is a sensitive and reliable blood test used to estimate your glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)—a key measure of how well your kidneys are filtering waste from the blood. Instead of relying on creatinine, this test uses cystatin C, a protein produced by all cells and filtered by the kidneys. Because cystatin C is less affected by muscle mass, age, or body composition, it provides a more accurate picture of kidney function in individuals who are elderly, very muscular, underweight, or frail. What do the results mean? eGFR above 90 mL/min/1.73 m² – Indicates normal kidney function eGFR between 60–89 – May be normal, but should be interpreted with context (e.g. age, risk factors) eGFR below 60 – Suggests reduced kidney function, potentially due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) eGFR below 15 – Indicates severe kidney failure, possibly requiring specialized treatment or dialysis When is the test suitable? If early kidney disease is suspected To monitor kidney function in patients on medications that can affect the kidneys For more accurate assessment when creatinine-based eGFR results are unclear or inconsistent In people with atypical muscle mass, such as the elderly, athletes, or individuals with muscle-wasting conditions Interpretation and limitations Low eGFR values may be caused by chronic kidney disease, dehydration, acute illness, or the effects of certain medications. Because temporary factors can affect results, the test should be performed when you are well-hydrated and not experiencing an acute infection or other short-term condition. As with all kidney function tests, results should be interpreted together with other clinical findings by a healthcare provider. About the analysis The test measures cystatin C in the blood and uses a validated formula to calculate the eGFR, reported in mL/min/1.73 m². It is a non-invasive and precise method that supports early detection and monitoring of kidney disease—even in patients for whom traditional creatinine-based tests may be less reliable.

Egg white allergy is one of the most common food allergies in children, but it can also affect adults.

B-EPK (Erythrocyte Particle Concentration) B-EPK is a blood test that measures the number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) per liter of blood. Since erythrocytes are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues, this test is central to assessing the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity and detecting abnormalities in blood formation, such as anemia or blood diseases. Why test B-EPK? Assess the body's ability to transport oxygen via the blood. Identify anemia and investigate its cause, such as iron or vitamin deficiencies, or blood loss. Provide insight into bone marrow function and blood composition. Follow up on chronic diseases that may affect blood values. What does a high or low value indicate? Elevated levels (erythrocytosis/polycythemia) may indicate: Lack of oxygen (e.g., due to lung disease, smoking, or high-altitude living). Dehydration. Polycythemia vera (a rare blood disorder). Low levels (erythropenia) may be due to: Iron deficiency anemia. Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency. Chronic diseases affecting blood formation. Bone marrow disease or blood loss. When is the test relevant? Fatigue, paleness, or dizziness. Shortness of breath or palpitations. Suspicion of anemia or bleeding. Monitoring chronic diseases affecting the blood. During treatment for blood disorders. B-EPK is commonly analyzed with other values like hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (EVF), and mean cell volume (MCV) to give a complete picture of your blood health and help identify issues related to oxygen transport and red blood cell production.

What is this test? This blood test looks for antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)—the virus that causes glandular fever (also called mononucleosis or "mono"). It helps show if you: Have a current infection Had EBV in the past and are now immune Have never had EBV and could still get it Why get tested for EBV? The EBV test is helpful if you: Have symptoms like fatigue, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and fever that won’t go away Want to check if you’ve had the infection before Are being checked for chronic fatigue syndrome or long-term infection symptoms Want to rule out other causes of tiredness or throat pain Are planning a pregnancy and want to know if you’re immune What does the test measure? It looks for two types of antibodies: IgM – These show up early during infection. If they’re high, you probably have a new or current infection. IgG – These develop after infection and usually stay for life, meaning you’ve had EBV before and are immune now. What do the results mean? IgM negative + IgG negative: You’ve never had EBV, so you’re not immune and can still get it. IgM negative + IgG positive: You had EBV in the past. You’re immune, and the illness is over. IgM positive + IgG negative: You have a recent infection. This is the early stage, and symptoms like fever and sore throat may be present. IgM positive + IgG positive: You are in the later stage of a recent infection. Your body is building immunity, but you may still be contagious. How is EBV (mono) spread? Mainly through saliva—for example, by kissing, or sharing drinks, utensils, or toothbrushes. Even people without symptoms can still pass it on. The virus can stay dormant in the body and reactivate from time to time, usually without making you sick. Who should get tested? People with long-lasting fatigue, sore throat, or swollen glands Anyone who wants to check for immunity (e.g., after exposure or before pregnancy) Those with recurrent unexplained tiredness Anyone who wants to confirm whether a past illness was EBV-related Summary The EBV antibody test is a simple blood test that helps you understand if you’re currently sick, have had the infection in the past, or are still at risk. It’s a great tool for guiding diagnosis, treatment decisions, and life planning, especially if your symptoms have been lingering or unclear.

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that controls blood formation.  It is produced in the kidneys and controls the formation of red blood cells. It can also be given as a medicine for certain forms of anemia, for example in kidney failure or the blood disease polycythemia vera. A blood test for EPO is used to investigate abnormal levels of red blood cells – both in suspected anemia (anemia) and in elevated values, such as in polycythemia. The test helps to distinguish between different underlying causes, for example, whether the anemia is due to impaired kidney function or whether increased blood production is due to oxygen deficiency (high altitude, lung disease) or a primary disease in the bone marrow. If polycythemia vera (PCV) is suspected. According to national guidelines, the EPO test is recommended when investigating PCV, especially if the hemoglobin value is high: – Above 170 g/L in men – Above 160 g/L in women The analysis is important for finding the right cause and treatment strategy for disorders of blood formation.What do the results mean?What does high Erythropoietin signify? High Erythropoietin (EPO) levels may indicate that the body is responding to low oxygen levels or anemia. Common causes include: Chronic hypoxia (e.g., from lung disease, heart failure, or living at high altitude) Iron deficiency anemia or vitamin B12/folate deficiency Tumors that produce EPO (e.g., some kidney or liver cancers, or certain rare tumors) Polycythemia due to secondary causes (high red blood cell count due to external stimulation) What does low Erythropoietin signify? Low Erythropoietin (EPO) levels are often seen when the body is not producing enough EPO despite a need for it. Causes may include: Chronic kidney disease (the kidneys produce less EPO as function declines) Primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera) – the body makes too many red blood cells independently of EPO Certain bone marrow disorders Inflammation or chronic disease, which can suppress EPO production Let me know if you'd like this summarized in simpler terms or written in Swedish.

What are Essential Fatty Acids (EFA)?Essential fatty acids are important fats that your body requires to function properly, particularly during pregnancy and lactation and in the prevention of disease.  They are noted as essential because they must be obtained from the diet – the body cannot produce them. Many people do not eat enough healthy fatty acids.Well-absorbed omega-3 comes from oily fish and microalgae, so vegans and vegetarians who do not supplement are most likely to have low levels.  Individual differences in metabolism, absorption, and genetics make it impossible to be sure what your score is without testing.About this testThis omega-3 test measures the levels of EPA and DHA in red blood cells. This is the world-leading essential fatty acids test that has been used in hundreds of clinical trials. It is one of only three labs in the world that can officially be used to calculate the omega-3 index tested in clinical trials.More InformationThere are three main types of omega-3:Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) come mainly from fish, so they are sometimes called marine omega-3s. EPA and DHA are the most important fatty acids for heart disease prevention.ALA (alpha-linolenic acid), another omega-3 fatty acid, is found in plant sources such as nuts and seeds. Essential fatty acids become incorporated into all the body’s tissues, including the heart. The omega-3 index invented by Dr. William Harris and cardiologist Dr. Clemens Von Schacky is a clinically-validated, patent-pending measure of the essential fatty acids EPA+DHA inside the red blood cells.  The omega-3 index is an independently verified, clinically studied risk factor for heart disease.  It is supported by over 90 clinical trials published in international journals and is now considered the analytical standard for fatty acid testing.Apart from disease risk, your omega-3 index is particularly important when pregnant and breastfeeding.  More than 1 million people worldwide have measured their Omega-3 Index with this test. It has been used in large, NIH-funded population studies.Why test Essential Fatty Acids?It can be helpful to test essential fatty acids to discover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to do something about them or to monitor or evaluate the impact of your supplements.  It can also be helpful if you have a family or personal history of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, mental health issues, joint problems, smoking, drinking, or a poor diet. You need extra essential fatty acids if you are pregnant or breastfeeding women, or trying to conceive.What do the results mean?The optimal omega-3 index is 8-11%. An optimal omega-3 index means that 8-11% of the fatty acids in red cell membranes are comprised of EPA and DHA. Persons tested using the omega-3 index often have a substantially lower score: around 4%. Compared with this lower omega-3 index, an optimal index of between 8 and 11% results in: Lower risk for cardiovascular diseases, like myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, or congestive heart failure. Lower risk of premature birth and better chances for optimal brain development and brain function in the newborn. Lower probability of psychiatric diseases like ADHD, ADD, anxiety, OCD, or depression.  Lower probability for age-related neurodegenerative disease and other cognitive impairments.  Possibly lower risk for other diseases Preparations for this testDo not eat or drink anything except water for at least 10 (but preferably 12) hours before taking the test.On the day of the testRemember to take your ID with you to the lab

Estrogen is a sex hormone found in both men and women.  Estradiol is one of the most important estrogens.  Estrogens affect the liver, bone, nervous system, heart and immune system and are important for fertility and bone development. Estrogen tests are used to detect a deficiency or excess in a woman and to diagnose conditions associated with this imbalance.For a more comprehensive test that includes sex hormones and metabolites, stress hormones and metabolites, and melatonin,  dried urine (Dutch) tests may be helpful.Why test estradiol?Testing estrogen levels is important for several reasons. It allows for monitoring hormone treatments during fertility procedures or menopause management. Lifestyle and dietary changes can impact hormone balance, and testing helps address menstrual issues like a lack of periods or heavy bleeding by determining if hormones or other treatments are needed. Additionally, it evaluates ovarian function, menopausal symptoms, and menstrual abnormalities. For suspected menopause, confirming signs through estrogen and FSH tests, or the Dutch test, provides clarity and guides appropriate treatment.What does the result mean?The meaning of the test result will depend on your age and gender. Taking estrogen medication can increase estrogen levels. Older women taking estrogen may have higher levels than younger women taking estrogen, which may be because older women eliminate estrogen medications more slowly. Obesity and excess weight can increase estrogen production. Other causes of elevated estrogen include liver disease, hyperthyroidism, and some tumours. High estrogen can increase the risk of certain chronic diseases including breast and ovarian cancer.What causes high estrogenHigh estrogen levels can result from various factors, including hormonal imbalances due to conditions like PCOS or thyroid disorders, obesity, and certain medications such as hormone replacement therapy and birth control pills. Liver dysfunction can also contribute, as it impairs estrogen metabolism, leading to its accumulation. Tumors in the ovaries, adrenal glands, or pituitary gland can secrete excess estrogen. Additionally, genetic conditions, diets high in phytoestrogens (like soy products), and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals can elevate estrogen levels. Managing these factors through medical treatment, lifestyle changes, and regular monitoring is essential for maintaining healthy estrogen levels.Symptoms of high estrogenHigh estrogen levels can cause weight gain, particularly in the hips and thighs, menstrual irregularities, and breast tenderness. Other symptoms include mood swings, headaches, fatigue, decreased libido, bloating, hair loss, and sleep problems. These issues can significantly affect quality of life, highlighting the importance of diagnosing and managing high estrogen levels.What causes low estrogenHigh estrogen levels can cause weight gain, particularly in the hips and thighs, menstrual irregularities, and breast tenderness. Other symptoms include mood swings, headaches, fatigue, decreased libido, bloating, hair loss, and sleep problems. These issues can significantly affect quality of life, highlighting the importance of diagnosing and managing high estrogen levels.Symptoms of low estrogenLow estrogen levels can lead to various symptoms, including irregular or absent menstrual periods, hot flashes, and night sweats. Women may also experience mood swings, depression, and irritability, along with fatigue and difficulty concentrating. Physical symptoms can include vaginal dryness, painful intercourse, decreased libido, and bone density loss, which increases the risk of fractures. More information                Estrogen can also protect skeletal muscles from damage during exercise.  Exercise has many advantages, such as lower blood pressure and lower blood fats, as this boosts the endogenous production of estrogen.  Physical activity is important for older women as estrogen levels drop with age.Preparations for this testWait two days after taking an estrogen patch, or two to four hours after taking estrogen orally or applying estrogen gel to take this test.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when going to take a test.    

The high-sensitivity estradiol test is a precise measurement of very low hormone levels, generally below 80 pmol/L. The analysis is performed using mass spectrometry, which provides high precision and reliability at levels that standard tests cannot capture. The test is particularly relevant for men and in clinical situations where hormone production is low. When is the high-sensitivity estrogen test used? The test is mainly used for:1. Investigation of puberty disorders (early or late puberty). 2. Diagnosis and follow-up of estrogen-producing tumors.3. Amenorrhea (absence of menstruation). 4. Hormone regulation prior to IVF treatment.5. Investigation of gynecomastia or other estrogen-driven conditions in men Why is the high-sensitivity estrogen test particularly important for men? Men naturally have much lower estradiol levels than women. Standard analyses can therefore miss important changes. A high-sensitivity test provides an accurate picture of hormone status when tumors, fertility problems, or other hormonal disorders are suspected. How the analysis works The test is based on liquid chromatography (LC) combined with mass spectrometry, which enables accurate measurement of levels below 200 pmol/L. At higher values, above 300 pmol/L, a different method with automated immunochemistry is used. Please note: This analysis is only performed by Karolinska University Laboratory, and sampling can only take place at a Karolinska lab.

B-EVF (Erythrocyte Volume Fraction / Hematocrit) Hematocrit, also known as erythrocyte volume fraction (EVF), is a measure of the volume of red blood cells in your blood. It is typically expressed as a percentage of the total blood volume. Since red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body, the hematocrit level provides important insight into your overall health and physical fitness. Why analyze B-EVF? Hematocrit values can vary for many reasons. Both low and high levels can signal different underlying health conditions. Understanding these values helps in assessing oxygen transport and blood production. Low Hematocrit Values (Anemia) Possible causes include: Iron deficiency anemia: A lack of iron impairs red blood cell production. Vitamin B12 deficiency: Affects the production of red blood cells. Folic acid deficiency: Low folate levels can reduce red blood cell formation. Chronic disease: Conditions like chronic kidney disease or inflammatory diseases can suppress red blood cell production. High Hematocrit Values (Polycythemia) Possible causes include: Dehydration: Reduced fluid levels can falsely elevate hematocrit values. Lung diseases: Conditions that affect oxygen absorption can lead to increased red blood cell production. High altitude: The body compensates for lower oxygen levels by producing more red blood cells. Chronic heart and lung disease: These can stimulate increased red blood cell production. Note: It is recommended to assess hematocrit alongside other blood values (e.g., complete blood count) for a more accurate picture of your blood health.

What is Ferritin?Ferritin is a protein that stores iron.  As the main way your body stores iron, it is a surrogate marker for iron stored in the body’s organs, as well as an inflammatory disease marker.7-8 % of women and 1-3% of men in the West have anemia, whilst 25% have low iron.  Pregnant women and those with heavy periods or injuries can lose 30-50 mg of iron per day, which quickly depletes iron stores if they are not replenished. Long-distance runners have an increased risk of low ferritin. Why test ferritin?Testing ferritin levels is crucial for several reasons. It helps discover risk factors for lifestyle diseases early, allowing timely intervention. A ferritin test can help to explain symptoms like unexplained fatigue, dizziness, chronic headaches, or weakness. Additionally, it enables monitoring of blood values as you make lifestyle changes, take supplements, or undergo treatments. It's also important in case of history of anaemia, heavy periods, or excess iron.What causes low ferritin?Iron deficiency anaemia is the main cause of low ferritin. Ferritin tests are evaluated in the light of other iron tests.Symptoms of low ferritinLow ferritin levels, indicating low iron storage, can cause fatigue, weakness, and dizziness. Individuals may also experience shortness of breath, pale skin, and frequent headaches. Other symptoms include brittle nails, restless legs syndrome, and unusual cravings for non-nutritive substances like ice or dirt (a condition known as pica). Low ferritin can lead to iron deficiency anaemia if not addressed, so get medical advice if you have these symptoms. What causes high ferritin?Inflammatory processes, excess iron consumption, and iron overload can all cause high ferritin.Symptoms of high ferritinHigh ferritin levels, indicating excess iron storage, can lead to various symptoms. Common signs include joint pain, abdominal pain, and fatigue. Individuals may also experience weakness, unexplained weight loss, and darkening of the skin. High ferritin levels can be associated with liver disease, diabetes, and heart problems.More informationIron deficiency (anemia) and excess (hemochromatosis) are both very common and underdiagnosed disorders that can cause serious health problems if not detected early enough.The ferritin test is ordered to assess a person's iron stores in the body.  The test is usually ordered along with serum iron and transferrin or TIBC to detect the presence and severity of iron deficiency or excess iron.Ferritin levels can be elevated in people with inflammation, liver disease, chronic infection, autoimmune disorders, and some types of cancer. Ferritin should not be analysed when you have an infection or acute inflammation, and other factors should be considered when analysing the results.Values that are slightly outside the reference range can be normal. Reference ranges are not perfect and approximately 5% of healthy individuals may have results outside the reference range.Preparations for this testIf you take iron supplements, avoid them for 24 hours before doing this test. Postpone this test if you are ill.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when taking a test. Take this test before 10 am, since iron levels vary. If you are a menstruating woman, note the day of your cycle when you take the test.  This may be helpful later.    

What is Fibrinogen?Fibrinogen is a protein essential for blood clot formation. It is also an inflammatory biomarker associated with cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (Yu et al., 2018). Along with other cardiac risk markers, such as hsCRP, it can help to determine a person’s risk of cardiovascular disease.Why test fibrinogen? Testing fibrinogen levels helps identify risk factors for lifestyle diseases early. It's useful if you have a poor diet low in nutrient-rich foods or a history of cardiovascular disease and want a comprehensive health check. Additionally, it allows you to monitor changes in blood values as you make lifestyle changes or take supplements, aiding in better health management.What do the results mean?Fibrinogen results are reported as the concentration of fibrinogen in the blood.  Normal fibrinogen activity usually reflects normal clotting ability.What causes low fibrinogen?Significantly decreased fibrinogen activity may result from decreased or dysfunctional fibrinogen and may impair the body’s ability to form a stable blood clot. If fibrinogen is chronically low, your doctor will want to evaluate you for other health conditions. Low fibrinogen can be caused by acute trauma, malnutrition, blood loss, medication and liver conditions.Symptoms of low fibrinogenLow fibrinogen levels, a condition known as hypofibrinogenemia, can lead to several symptoms due to impaired blood clotting. Common symptoms include excessive bleeding, easy bruising, frequent nosebleeds, and prolonged bleeding from cuts or injuries. Women may experience heavy menstrual periods. In severe cases, it can lead to spontaneous bleeding in joints, muscles, or the gastrointestinal tract, which may cause pain and swelling. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience these symptoms.What causes high fibrinogen?Fibrinogen is an acute phase reactant and rises in inflammatory conditions or tissue damage.  Elevated fibrinogen can signify inflammation or tissue damage, but not what is causing it. Chronically elevated levels may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.  Elevated levels can be due to stress, acute infection, coronary heart disease, cancer, stroke, trauma, smoking, pregnancy, cold temperatures, obesity and inflammatory disorders. Smokers with diabetes are at particularly high risk of developing higher levels.Symptoms of high fibrinogen High fibrinogen levels, or hyperfibrinogenemia, can lead to symptoms associated with an increased risk of blood clots. Common signs include swelling, redness, and leg pain, which may indicate deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It can also cause symptoms of cardiovascular issues such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and an increased risk of stroke or heart attack. Monitoring and managing high fibrinogen levels are crucial to prevent these serious health complications. Other informationPregnancy and acute inflammatory processes can temporarily increase fibrinogen. Fibrinogen levels should return to normal once the underlying condition has been resolved. Other inflammatory markers that can help to investigate if you have systemic inflammation are hsCRP, TNF alpha, IL-6, ferritin, ESR and homocysteine (preferably with folate and vitamin B12).Cholesterol medications may reduce fibrinogen levels. Improving cholesterol levels through diet may also help to normalize fibrinogen levels. Fish oil and dietary fibre may reduce fibrinogen levels. Several studies have shown that regular exercise can lower fibrinogen levels. Studies suggest that strenuous exercise may be particularly effective. B vitamins, especially B6, B9 (folate), and B12, help to break down fibrinogen by lowering homocysteine levels. Never start a supplementation regime without first talking to a nutritionist or doctor.  Some other dietary factors have been proposed to be linked to higher fibrinogen levels but none have strong evidence to support them.Preparations for this testNo preparation is needed for this test.On the day of the testRemember to take your ID with you when going to take a test. Do not work out before going to do this test, as this may affect your results. Take this test before 10 am, as results can vary throughout the day. Arrive in good time and sit down quietly for 15 minutes before the test. 

What is folate?Vitamin B9 (folate) is a water-soluble essential vitamin that you must get from your diet. Folate is required for normal red blood cell (RBC) formation, repair and development of tissues and cells, and synthesis of DNA. Folate is especially important for pregnant women because a deficiency can lead to defects in the growing baby.Folate is required, along with vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), to keep homocysteine (an amino acid that is harmful if too high in the blood) in check and for the formation of so-called methyl groups, which are involved in many bodily processes.Why test folate (vitamin B9)?Folate can be a relevant test if you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, if you don't eat many fruits and vegetables; if you smoke, take drugs or drink excessive alcohol, if you have a condition associated with malabsorption, like celiac disease or IBD. Some medicines increase your need for folate. Some people like to check their folate levels to ensure optimal levels.More information Folate can be measured in serum, in whole blood and in red blood cells.  Two recent studies have shown that the amount of folate in serum correlates well with red blood cell folate and may even be a better test. Therefore, based on current evidence we recommend and offer serum folate.What causes low folate? You have lower folate in your blood than expected.  Folate works alongside vitamin B12 and Vitamin C to help the body break down, use, and make new proteins. It also helps in the formation of red and white blood cells and helps to produce DNA. Since folate is water-soluble, it is not stored in the body’s fat tissues and is disposed of through the urine. Blood levels decrease after just a few weeks on a low folate diet.Causes of low folate include lack of folate in the diet, overcooking vegetables, diseases that reduce the absorption of folate, excessive alcohol consumption, hemolytic anaemia, certain medications, kidney dialysis, or malabsorption. There are several potential reasons for this, including celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis), bacterial overgrowth, intestinal parasites, reduced stomach acid, pancreatic insufficiency, heavy drinking/chronic alcohol use, increased need, and smoking. Symptoms of low folateLow folate levels can lead to fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and irritability. It can also cause digestive issues like diarrhea and a sore tongue. In severe cases, it may result in anaemia and cognitive difficulties. What causes high folate? High folate levels may indicate high consumption of fortified foods or excessive supplementation. Consuming more folate than you need does not necessarily cause health problems. High folate levels can also indicate vitamin B12 deficiency, especially if you do not supplement and your diet is not high in folate-rich foods. The body needs B12 to use folate properly.Symptoms of high folateHigh folate levels are generally not harmful, but excessive intake can mask symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, potentially leading to neurological issues. It's important to balance folate intake to avoid complications related to hidden deficiencies.Preparations for this testThe day beforeDo not eat or drink anything except water for 12 hours before taking this test, as folate is best taken as a fasting test.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when taking a test.    

What is FSH?FSH is a hormone associated with reproduction – the development of eggs in women and sperm in men. This test measures blood levels of FSH.Why Test FSH?Testing FSH levels is important for several reasons, including diagnosing infertility in both women and their partners, addressing menstrual difficulties such as irregular or absent periods, and evaluating men with low sperm count, low muscle mass, or decreased sex drive. It also helps diagnose potential pituitary or hypothalamic disorders.What do the results mean?The meaning of the results varies depending on age and gender.What causes low FSH?FSH results are interpreted according to your gender, and age. Your FSH levels are lower than expected for a menstruating woman of your age.If you are a woman, low FSH levels may mean that your ovaries are not making enough eggs, that your pituitary gland is not working correctly, that you have a problem with your hypothalamus, a part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland or that you are underweight. Low FSH in men may mean you have a pituitary gland or hypothalamus disorder. Low FSH and luteinizing hormone levels in children may be a sign of delayed puberty. Symptoms of low FSHLow FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) levels can lead to various symptoms due to its role in reproductive health. In women, low FSH can cause irregular or absent menstrual periods and difficulties with ovulation, leading to infertility. In men, low FSH can result in a low sperm count, reduced muscle mass, and decreased sex drive. Both men and women may also experience symptoms related to hormonal imbalances, such as fatigue and mood changes. What causes high FSH?Your FSH levels are higher than expected for a menstruating woman of your age. FSH tests are interpreted according to your gender and age.In women, high FSH levels often correlate with low estrogen and may mean that you have primary ovarian insufficiency (POI)/premature ovarian failure. POI is the loss of ovarian function before the age of 40. It could also mean that you have polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS), a common hormonal disorder affecting childbearing women. PCOS is one of the leading causes of female infertility. Perimenopausal or menopausal women naturally have higher FSH levels. In postmenopausal women, chronically high FSH levels are associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and a reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes. Other causes include ovarian tumours, and Truner syndrome, a genetic disorder that affects sexual development in females and often causes infertility. If you are a man, high FSH levels may mean that your testicles have been damaged due to chemotherapy, radiation, infection, alcohol abuse, or that your testosterone levels are low. High FSH can also indicate Klinefelter syndrome, a genetic disorder that affects sexual development and can cause infertility. In children, high FSH levels, along with high levels of luteinizing hormone, can indicate the start of puberty. Before age 9 (girls) or age 10 (boys), this may be a sign of a central nervous system disorder or a brain injury. Symptoms of high FSHHigh FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) levels can lead to various symptoms related to reproductive health. In women, high FSH can cause irregular or absent menstrual periods, hot flashes, night sweats, and infertility, often indicating conditions like ovarian insufficiency or menopause. In men, high FSH can result in a low sperm count and reduced fertility, which is often linked to testicular issues. Both men and women may experience symptoms of hormonal imbalance, such as mood changes and fatigue. High FSH levels necessitate medical evaluation to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.Preparations for this testFollow your health practitioner’s guidance on the correct day to take this test. No other preparation is needed for this test.If the test is taken to evaluate fertility, this test should be taken on day 3 (or at least between days 2-5). A woman’s menstrual cycle is measured from the first day of her period (blood flow, not spotting), so Cycle Day 3 is the third day of her period.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when going to take a test.

What is Free T3 (FT3)?T3 (triiodothyronine) is a thyroid hormone produced directly by the thyroid when the body converts T4 (thyroxin) T3 (thyroxin). T3 and T4 regulate your body temperature, metabolism, and heart rate.  Most of your T3 is attached to proteins. This test is for free T3, which is the T3 that is unbound to proteins. T3, both total and free, is measured to detect a problem with your thyroid hormones.Why test free T3 (FT3)?Measuring FT3 is significant because it represents triiodothyronine activity in the body. Testing T3 levels can help to discover risk factors for lifestyle diseases early, as free T3 is a crucial component of any thyroid profile. Symptoms of thyroid issues, such as depression, weakness, fatigue, sleeping problems, sensitivity to heat or cold, dry skin, hair loss, increased heart rate, and infertility, can be identified through T3 testing. Additionally, monitoring T3 levels allows you to track an existing thyroid condition as you make dietary and lifestyle changes or take medicationWhat do the results mean?The results of different thyroid tests are interpreted together alongside your medical history.Normal Free T3A free T3 result within the reference range suggests that you are producing enough T4 and converting it adequately to T3. Normal values do not rule out thyroid problems. If you still have symptoms and your TSH, free T4, and free T3 are normal, we recommend testing your thyroid antibodies.Low Free T3A doctor interprets your free T3 results in the context of symptoms and other test results. Low free T3 could signify hypothyroidism or a reduced T4 to T3 conversion. In hypothyroidism, TSH is usually high, and T3 and T4 are normal to low.Causes of low thyroid hormones include autoimmune thyroid disease (most often Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis), chronic inflammation, oxidative stress caused by lifestyle and diet, calorie restriction, low estrogen, low testosterone, and nutrient deficiencies (iodine, selenium, zinc, iron, chromium, copper, vitamin A, and B vitamins).  There is some evidence that eating a very low-carb or ketogenic diet may affect and lower thyroid function. The conversion of T4 to the active form of T3 is insulin-dependent. If you suddenly develop hypothyroid symptoms on a low carbohydrate diet, you may need to increase your carbohydrate intake. We recommend unrefined carbohydrates like whole grains (preferably gluten-free), beans, lentils, root vegetables, pumpkin, squash, fruit, and berries. Common symptoms of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) include fatigue, feeling cold, often cold hands, feet, the nose tip, constipation, dry skin, weight gain or difficulty losing weight, puffy face, hoarseness, muscle weakness, stiff and achy muscles, slowed heart rate, dry and thinning hair, poor memory, and depression.Symptoms of low T3Low T3 levels, a condition known as hypothyroidism, can cause various symptoms due to the thyroid hormone's role in regulating metabolism. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and weight gain. Individuals may also experience depression, dry skin, hair loss, and sensitivity to cold. Other signs include constipation, slow heart rate, and difficulty concentrating. If you notice these symptoms, it's important to seek medical evaluation to diagnose and manage the underlying cause effectively.What causes high FT3 levels?The levels of free T3 in your bloodstream are higher than expected. A doctor considers free T3 results in the context of symptoms, other test results, and your symptoms. In hyperthyroidism, TSH levels are usually on the low side or within range, and T3 and T4 are in range or high. High free T3 strongly suggests an overproduction of thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism). Graves’ disease (an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism) can cause high free T3. Other causes include thyroid disease, pregnancy, iodine intake, exposure to toxic metals, certain medications, and consuming gluten. It may also be associated with iodine deficiency.Note that reference ranges may be different during pregnancy.Symptoms of high free T3High T3 levels, known as hyperthyroidism, can cause a range of symptoms due to the thyroid hormone's role in speeding up metabolism. Common symptoms include rapid or irregular heartbeat, weight loss, and increased appetite. Individuals may also experience nervousness, anxiety, tremors, and sweating. Other signs include difficulty sleeping, heat intolerance, and frequent bowel movements. If you notice these symptoms, it’s important to seek medical evaluation to diagnose and treat the underlying cause effectively.Preparations for this testThere is no preparation for this test.On the day of the testRemember to take I.D. with you when going to take a test.  Do not take your thyroid medication until after you take this test.

What is free T4 (FT4)?T4 (Thyroxine) is a thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland and plays an important role in the body’s metabolism. Nearly all the T4 and T3 in the blood is bound to protein. The rest is free (unbound) and is the biologically active form of the hormone. A free T4 test measures the amount of free T4 in the blood. Why test free T4?Testing your free T4 levels is essential for discovering your risk factors for lifestyle diseases and monitoring thyroid health. As a crucial part of any thyroid profile, free T4 testing can help identify symptoms such as depression, weakness, fatigue, sleeping problems, sensitivity to heat or cold, dry skin, hair loss, increased heart rate, and infertility. Regular monitoring allows you to track an existing thyroid condition, especially as you make dietary and lifestyle changes or take medication. Additionally, test results can be sent to your doctor for further evaluation and management. What do the results mean?Free T4 results are interpreted in the context of other test results. What causes low free T4? The level of free T4 in your bloodstream is lower than expected. Free T4 results are interpreted in the context of other test results and your current symptoms. Low free T4 indicates that the thyroid does not produce enough thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism). In hypothyroidism, TSH is normally high and T3 and T4 are normal to low. Low T4 may indicate iodine deficiency. Causes of low thyroid hormones include autoimmune thyroid disease (most often Hashimoto’s thyroiditis), chronic inflammation and oxidative stress caused by lifestyle and diet, calorie restriction, low estrogen, low testosterone, and some nutrient deficiencies including iodine, selenium, zinc, iron, chromium, copper, vitamin A, and B vitamins.   There is some evidence that eating a very low-carb or ketogenic diet may affect and lower thyroid function. The conversion of T4 to the active form of T4 is dependent on insulin. If you notice that you suddenly develop hypothyroid symptoms when sticking to a low carbohydrate diet, you most likely need to increase your carbohydrate intake. We recommend you stick to healthy sources of carbohydrates such as whole grains (preferably gluten-free), beans, lentils, root vegetables, pumpkin, squash, fruit, and berries.  Common symptoms of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) include fatigue, feeling cold, often cold hands, feet and the tip of your nose, constipation, dry skin, weight gain/difficulty losing weight, puffy face, hoarseness, muscle weakness, stiff and achy muscles, slowed heart rate, dry and thinning hair, poor memory, and depression.Symptoms of low free T4Symptoms of low free T4 include depression, weakness, fatigue, sleeping problems, sensitivity to heat or cold, dry skin, hair loss, increased heart rate, and infertility. Regular monitoring allows you to track an existing thyroid condition, especially as you make dietary and lifestyle changes or take medication. Additionally, test results can be sent to your doctor for further evaluation and management. What causes high free T4?Free T4 results need to be interpreted in the context of other test results and your current symptoms. In hyperthyroidism. TSH levels are often normal to low and T3 and T4 are normal to high. High free T4 can be caused by Graves’ disease (an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism), thyroid disease, high iodine intake, and too much thyroid replacement medication.Symptoms of high free T4Symptoms of high free T4, such as anxiety, irritability, weight loss, tremors, increased sweating, palpitations, and difficulty sleeping. Regular monitoring allows you to track an existing thyroid condition, especially as you make dietary and lifestyle changes or take medication. Additionally, test results can be sent to your doctor for further evaluation and management. More informationThyroid hormones play an important role in the body's metabolism. T4 (thyroxin) is an important hormone that is produced by the thyroid gland and transported by the blood to the body's cells.  T4 can be free (unbound) or bound to protein in your blood.  Nowadays most health providers consider free T4 to be the most important test. Ideally, it should be measured together with TSH and T3. If the thyroid gland produces too much hormone, symptoms are those of a raised metabolism, including rapid heart rate, sweating, increased appetite, weight loss, tremors, and poor sleep.  Low thyroid hormone has the opposite effect, with side effects such as feeling cold, fatigue, weight gain, hair loss and constipation and the other symptoms above. TSH stimulates the production and release of T4 (primarily) and T3 from the thyroid gland. Thyroid health is somewhat complex and your practitioner should take into account the following: Blood test results: Free T4, free T3 and TSH. Do you produce enough thyroid hormone? Is your T4 converting properly to T3? Is your TSH within an optimal range? Symptoms: If the above are within normal range, but you have symptoms, or are pregnant, thyroid antibody testing should be undertaken. Individual differences and your results: Do you have symptoms and your results are low or high normal? Perhaps these levels are too low or high for you. Preparations for this test No preparation is needed for this test. On the day of the test Do not take your thyroid medication until after you have taken this test. Always take your I.D. with you when going to take a test. Do not work out before going to do this test and sit down quietly for 15 minutes before the test is taken. Take this test before 10 am, as results can vary throughout the day.  If you are repeating a test, try to take it at the same time of day.  

What is GGT?GGT is a liver enzyme.  Typically used to detect liver function and health and a marker of alcohol consumption, it is now considered an independent risk marker for many health conditions.Why test GGT?You may test GGT to discover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to do something about them, or to monitor long-term health markers. An initial value can be tracked over time. Another reason may be that you have a personal or family history of liver disease, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, hemochromatosis, stroke, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, or cancer. It can also be worth testing GGT if you are a moderate to heavy drinker, smoke, eat an unhealthy diet, take or have taken drugs, or have other lifestyle risk factors.What do the results mean?GGT is a liver enzyme used to monitor liver health and recent alcohol consumption.  High GGT is also considered an early warning sign of other health risks including type II diabetes, stroke, and atherosclerosis.What causes low GGT?A low GGT is a normal and desired result. Deficient levels of GGT are usually not concerning but may be a sign of an unbalanced and nutrient-poor diet leading to vitamin and mineral deficiencies (especially magnesium and B6).  A deficient level is associated with hypothyroidism, so we recommend those with deficient GGT test their thyroid hormone levels. A low or normal GGT indicates a low probability of liver disease.Symptoms of low GGT Low gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels typically do not cause specific symptoms and are generally not a cause for concern. Low GGT levels might be found in individuals with healthy liver function or could indicate a lower risk of liver disease and cardiovascular conditions. However, if liver function is compromised, symptoms would be related to the underlying liver condition rather than low GGT itself. What causes high GGT? GGT levels are influenced by factors such as age, gender, exercise, weight, pregnancy, diet, alcohol, recreational drug use, and medications. Adult males tend to have higher levels than adult females.Elevated GGT levels indicate that something is damaging the liver. The higher the GGT, the greater the damage to your liver. A high GGT level, regardless of other risk factors, appears to increase disease risk. If GGT is elevated, dietary and lifestyle changes can help to lower GGT.The risk for heart disease increases around the middle of what is considered normal (for a lab’s reference range).  It is therefore preferable to be below the reference range midpoint (based on age and gender). Liver conditions that can cause high GGT include hepatitis (liver inflammation), especially viral hepatitis and alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis (liver scarring), cholestasis (blocked bile duct), alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver ischemia (lack of blood flow to the liver causing the death of liver tissue) and liver tumours/cancer.  Other conditions that may affect liver function and health include pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, diabetes, metabolic syndrome (combination of insulin resistance, high blood pressure, abnormal fat profile, and obesity), congestive heart failure, certain medications, and alcohol.Both hypothyroidism (usually lower T3/T4 and higher TSH) and hyperthyroidism (higher T3/T4 and usually lower TSH) have been implicated in higher GGT levels.A high GGT level can help rule out bone disease as the cause of an increased ALP level. High ALP levels are more likely to be attributable to bone disease when GGT is low or normal.Symptoms of high GGTHigh levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) can indicate liver disease and are often associated with symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, light-colored stools, abdominal pain, and nausea. Elevated GGT levels can also be linked to alcohol abuse, bile duct problems, or the use of certain medications.More informationRecent studies suggest that GGT measurements may predict the odds of health risks such as atherosclerosis, stroke, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality in both men and women. These studies suggest that there is an increased risk of the disease once GGT rises above the “low-normal” range for gender, even if GGT is within the ‘normal’ range. For some people, it might be important to test GGT regularly.  A 7-year Austrian study of 76,000 people found that irrespective of the original GGT measurement, individuals whose GGT concentrations increased over time had more disease and mortality risk.  A decreasing GGT value resulted in a lower risk.  Lower initial GGT always indicated less risk than higher. This was particularly important in men under 60 and women under 65.Preparations for this testThe day before the testAvoid fatty foods and alcohol today.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when going to take a test.  

This blood test measures IgE antibodies against goose feathers, which can cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

What is the grass pollen allergy test and what does it show? This blood test measures IgE antibodies against grass pollen, a common cause of seasonal allergies during the summer months in Sweden. It helps determine if your symptoms are due to an allergic reaction to grass pollen. Why test for grass pollen allergy? This test is useful if you experience: Frequent sneezing or nasal congestion Itchy or watery eyes Asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties during summer The test can help confirm an allergy diagnosis and support decisions about treatment or allergy management, especially for those who spend a lot of time outdoors. What do the results mean? High IgE levels – Strong indication of a grass pollen allergy, which may significantly impact quality of life in summer. Low IgE levels – Makes grass pollen allergy less likely, but other allergens could still be the cause of your symptoms. Summary The Grass Pollen IgE Test is a reliable tool for diagnosing seasonal allergies during the summer. It helps identify whether grass pollen is the trigger and guides appropriate treatment and lifestyle adjustments for allergy relief.

What is Helicobacter pylori / H. pyloriH. pylori is a spiral-shaped bacteria that grows in the digestive tract and often attacks the stomach lining. H. pylori infections are usually harmless, but most ulcers in the stomach and small intestine are caused by H. pylori. A stool test for H. pylori detects H. pylori antigen in a stool sample and can confirm a current infection.Why test Helicobacter pylori / H. pylori?Testing is used to diagnose an infection due to the bacteria and to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment given.  H. Pylori infection is associated with an increased risk of developing ulcers (peptic ulcer disease), chronic gastritis, and gastric (stomach) cancer.Testing for H. pylori is crucial due to its association with gastrointestinal upset, including symptoms like abdominal pain, black stools, unexplained weight loss, indigestion, fullness, bloating, nausea, and belching. If diagnosed, confirming the effectiveness of treatment is essential to ensure the infection has been eradicated. Additionally, testing is important if someone that you are in close contact with has tested positive, as H. pylori can be transmitted through saliva and faeces, necessitating early detection and intervention to prevent further spread.What do the results mean?NegativeA negative test means that you do not have H. pylori antigen in your stool.If a person does not have H. pylori antigen in the stool, this means that a current H. pylori infection is unlikely but cannot rule out previous infection.  PositiveA positive test means that you have H. pylori antigen in your stool, which suggests a current infection.More informationWe offer this test because in our experience people whose symptoms have gone undiagnosed after visiting a doctor have received help after doing their own testing. This test should never replace the care of your own doctor, particularly if you have any of the symptoms mentioned above.Preparations for this testNo advance preparation is required for this test.  On the day of the testRemember to take ID with you when going to take a test.

Haptoglobin – A Blood Test for Anemia and Inflammation What is Haptoglobin? Haptoglobin is a protein in your blood that binds to free hemoglobin released from broken-down red blood cells. This helps to prevent damage in the body and supports iron recycling. It also acts as an acute-phase protein, meaning it rises during inflammation. Because of this, the test is useful in both anemia and inflammatory conditions. Why test Haptoglobin? This test is used to: Determine whether anemia is caused by red blood cell breakdown (hemolysis) Check for signs of inflammation or infection Support diagnosis in suspected liver damage, since the liver makes haptoglobin What does a low Haptoglobin value mean? Low levels may suggest: Hemolytic anemia – the body is breaking down red blood cells faster than normal Liver disease – the liver may not be producing enough haptoglobin Low haptoglobin in the context of anemia is a strong clue that red blood cell destruction is involved. What does a high Haptoglobin value mean? Elevated haptoglobin levels are typically a sign of: Ongoing inflammation Infection It may also rise after surgery, injury, or other causes of stress in the body.

What is the hazel pollen allergy test and what does it show? This blood test measures IgE antibodies against hazel pollen, which is a common cause of seasonal allergies in winter and early spring in Sweden. Hazel usually flowers between January and April, depending on where you live. Why test for hazel pollen allergy? The test is recommended if you experience: Runny or blocked nose Sneezing Itchy eyes or nose Asthma-like symptoms early in the year Hazel pollen allergy is one of the earliest seasonal allergies and can sometimes be confused with a common cold. Testing helps confirm the cause of your symptoms and guide appropriate treatment or allergy management. What do the results mean? High IgE levels – Suggest an allergic reaction to hazel pollen. A positive result supports diagnosis and helps guide treatment with antihistamines or allergy vaccination. Low IgE levels – Speak against allergy to hazel, but results must be interpreted alongside your symptoms. A clinical allergy may still exist even if IgE levels are low. Summary The Hazel Pollen IgE Test is a helpful tool for identifying early-season allergies. It helps confirm whether your winter or spring symptoms are caused by hazel pollen and supports more effective treatment planning.

What is HBA1C?HbA1c, also called A1c or glycated hemoglobin, is hemoglobin with glucose attached to it.  An HBA1C test evaluates long-term glucose, the average amount of glucose in the blood over the last three to four months, by measuring the percentage of glycated hemoglobin.  The higher the glucose in the blood, the higher the HBA1C valueWhy test HBA1C?Testing HbA1c can help to identify risk factors for lifestyle diseases, including diabetes, allowing for timely interventions. The HbA1c test specifically aids in diagnosing those at risk of diabetes and plays a crucial role in monitoring the condition. Regular testing helps manage diabetes effectively by guiding treatment decisions. Other InformationRisk factors for high blood sugar include an unhealthy diet, stress and physical inactivity.What causes low HBA1C?Low HBA1C can indicate reactive hypoglycaemia or a liver glycogen storage problem.Symptoms of low HbA1CLow HbA1c levels can indicate hypoglycemia or excessively low blood sugar. Symptoms include shakiness, excessive sweating, sudden hunger, confusion, dizziness, rapid or irregular heartbeat, anxiety, blurred vision, weakness, and irritability. These symptoms are critical to recognize as they can signal the need for immediate intervention to prevent serious health complications. Proper monitoring and management of blood sugar levels is essential to maintaining overall health and preventing the adverse effects of hypoglycemia.What causes high HBA1C?High HBA1C means that your average longer-term blood sugar is higher than expected. High HBA1C can be used to diagnose diabetes in non-pregnant adults. Two tests taken on different occasions should both exceed 48 mmol/mol.  High HBA1C is also a sign of insulin resistance.Symptoms of elevated HbA1CSymptoms of increased HBA1C include increased thirst, urination and appetite, tiredness, confusion, dizziness and shakiness and wounds that don’t heal.American Diabetes Association (ADA) reference valuesUnder 39 mmol/mol - Låg risk för diabetesMellan 39-47 mmol/mol - förhöjd risk för diabetes (prediabetes)Over 48 mmol/mol - manifest diabetesWorld Health Organisation (WHO) reference values:Under 42 mmol/mol - Låg risk för diabetesMellan 42-47 mmol/mol - förhöjd risk för diabetes (prediabetes)Over 48 mmol/mol - manifest diabetesOptimal Reference Range: 4.1%-5.6% (20-39)Preparations for this testNo advance preparation is needed for this test - but if it is taken as part of a larger panel of tests, you may need to fast for 10 (preferably 12) hours before taking the test.On the day of the testRemember to take your ID with you when going to take a test. Arrive early and sit down quietly for 15 minutes before the test is taken.  

What is hCG?Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta of a pregnant woman. In early pregnancy, hCG levels increase and can be detected in the blood and urine. The test can confirm or rule out pregnancy and can also give an indication of how the pregnancy is progressing.Why test hCG?Suspected PregnancyTo confirm pregnancy at an early stage.IVF TreatmentMany clinics will require you to test hCG after a miscarriage and before starting IVF treatment.Suspected Miscarriage This test is sometimes done in case of suspected miscarriage, along with progesterone.What does a negative hCG test mean?A negative hCG result means that it is unlikely that a woman is pregnant; but it cannot completely rule out pregnancy if the test is done too early.What does a positive hCG test mean?A positive hCG means that a woman is likely pregnant.hCG levels usually double every 2 days in the first 4 weeks of a normal pregnancy. This slows to every 3 and a half days by six weeks.  Longer doubling times or falling concentrations may indicate a failing pregnancy. After a miscarriage, hCG concentrations drop rapidly and should reach undetectable levels. If this does not happen, it may mean that a dilation and curettage (D&C) is required.Preparations for this testNo preparation is needed for this test.On the day of the testRemember to take your ID with you when going to take a test.  Do not work out before going to do this test, as this may affect your results.

What is HDL cholesterol?HDL stands for high-density lipoprotein. HDL cholesterol helps return LDL cholesterol to the liver to be removed from the body. In healthy people, healthy HDL cholesterol are thought to lower the risk of blood clots, heart disease, and stroke. The HDL test is usually done as part of a larger lipid panel that includes at least total cholesterol, LDL or non-HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Why test HDL cholesterol?Testing HDL cholesterol is crucial for several reasons, particularly for assessing heart health and preventing lifestyle diseases. It helps identify risk factors for heart disease, especially in individuals with a family history of high cholesterol or heart disease. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, high blood pressure, and an unhealthy diet also elevate the risk of heart disease, making regular HDL cholesterol checks essential. Additionally, if previous tests have indicated an increased risk of heart disease, monitoring HDL levels is vital to manage and mitigate this risk.What causes low HDL cholesterol?Very low cholesterol can indicate inflammatory processes in the body. Genetic conditions, consumption of hydrogenated fats, smoking, and health conditions from insulin resistance and high blood pressure to obesity have been shown to lower HDL cholesterol. Very low HDL may indicate a lack of exercise and may be associated with hyperthyroidism, heavy metals, atherosclerosis, and fatty liver in healthy individuals. In healthy people, HDL cholesterol on the lower side may increase heart disease risk.Symptoms of low HDL cholesterolLow HDL cholesterol typically does not cause symptoms and may be a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It can contribute to conditions such as chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and fatigue due to reduced blood flow to the heart. In severe cases, low HDL levels can lead to more serious events like heart attacks, presenting with chest pain, nausea, and sweating, or strokes, characterized by sudden numbness, confusion, and loss of coordination. Monitoring and managing low HDL cholesterol is crucial to reducing the risk of these serious cardiovascular events. What causes high HDL cholesterol?High HDL cholesterol is often caused by genetic factors that alter HDL function in the body and can increase the risk of heart disease. The significance of higher HDL cholesterol is controversial. Higher than normal HDL cholesterol was previously considered beneficial, but newer research suggests that is not true for everyone.  In healthy people, HDL cholesterol on the higher side confers health benefits such as lower heart disease risk.  However, higher HDL cholesterol has also been associated with several autoimmune processes. For optimal protection against cardiovascular disease, the HDL cholesterol test must be analysed in conjunction with LDL (or total cholesterol), and triglycerides. Studies suggest that higher HDL (40 mg/dL or higher) helps reduce cardiovascular disease only when LDL and triglycerides are low (100 mg/dL or less).  One study found that when LDL and triglycerides rise above 100 mg/dL or 150 mg/DL, respectively, higher HDL does not affect outcomes. In case of an HDL level outside the reference range, we advise our clients to visit a doctor for medical advice and to consult a Nordic Wellth practitioner for dietary, lifestyle and supplementation advice and support.Symptoms of high HDL cholesterolHigh cholesterol is a "silent" condition without direct symptoms that can lead to serious health issues. These include chest pain (angina), heart attacks (with chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and sweating), strokes (sudden numbness, confusion, trouble speaking), and peripheral artery disease (leg pain and cramping during activity). Additionally, it can cause fatty deposits under the skin around the eyes, elbows, knees, and ankles. These issues arise from plaque buildup in the arteries, highlighting the need for regular cholesterol checks and management. More informationValues that are slightly outside the reference range can be normal. Approximately 5% of healthy individuals may have results outside the reference range. Preparations for this testNo preparation is needed for this test. On the day of the testRemember to take I.D. with you when going to take a test. Sit quietly for 15 minutes before the test is taken.

What is hematocrit?This test measures the proportion of red blood cells in the blood. This is a quick way of checking the red blood cell count and checking for health conditions such as anemia. This test is included in Nordic Wellth’s Complete Blood Count (CBC) test.Why test hematocrit?High cholesterol is a "silent" condition without direct symptoms, but it can lead to serious health issues over time. These include chest pain (angina), heart attacks (with chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and sweating), strokes (sudden numbness, confusion, trouble speaking), and peripheral artery disease (leg pain and cramping during activity). Additionally, it can cause fatty deposits under the skin around the eyes, elbows, knees, and ankles. These issues arise from plaque buildup in the arteries, highlighting the need for regular cholesterol checks and management.What causes low hematocrit levels?The results of a hematocrit test are considered alongside other test results. A low hematocrit with a low RBC count and a low hemoglobin level indicates anemia. The most common anemia is iron deficiency anemia (IDA). This can be due to a lack of dietary iron, iron loss, pregnancy, or malabsorption and is associated with certain health conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Low B12, folate, and long-term alcohol consumption can also increase the risk of anemia.Dehydration can also cause abnormal hematocrit values. The results of a hematocrit test are considered alongside other test results.Symptoms of low hematocritLow hematocrit levels, indicating anemia, can cause many symptoms due to reduced oxygen delivery to the body's tissues. These symptoms include fatigue, general physical weakness, pale or yellowish skin, shortness of breath, dizziness or lightheadedness, chest pain, cold hands and feet, frequent or severe headaches, and irregular heartbeat or palpitations. These issues arise because fewer red blood cells are available to carry oxygen throughout the body, underscoring the importance of proper diagnosis and management of low hematocrit levels.What causes high hematocrit levels?The results of an RBC test are considered alongside other test results. A high hematocrit with a high RBC and high hemoglobin count indicates polycythemia. Some causes include dehydration, lung disease, smoking, and various health conditions.Symptoms of high hematocritHigh hematocrit levels can lead to various symptoms due to increased blood viscosity and reduced oxygen delivery. These symptoms include fatigue, frequent or severe headaches, dizziness or lightheadedness, blurred vision, flushed skin, shortness of breath, frequent or severe nosebleeds, itching (particularly after a warm shower or bath), high blood pressure, and an increased risk of blood clots, which can cause pain and swelling, especially in the legs. These issues result from thicker blood impairing circulation and oxygen delivery, highlighting the importance of monitoring and managing hematocrit levels.More informationValues that are slightly outside the reference range can be normal. Approximately 5% of healthy individuals may have results outside the reference range.Preparations for this testNo preparation is needed for this test.On the day of the testAlways take your ID with you when going for a test.  Arrive early and sit quietly for 15 minutes before taking the test.

B-Hemoglobin (Hb) Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues. The Hb test assesses the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity and helps diagnose anemia and other blood disorders. Why analyze hemoglobin? Diagnose anemia (iron, B12, or folate deficiency) Monitor bleeding or chronic disease Assess dehydration or fluid status Evaluate oxygen capacity in athletic or cardiac conditions What does it mean if you have low hemoglobin? Low Hb (anemia) indicates insufficient oxygen transport and may cause fatigue, paleness, dizziness, or cold extremities. Common causes include iron deficiency, B12/folate deficiency, chronic disease, or bone marrow dysfunction. What does a high value mean? High Hb may result from dehydration, smoking, lung disease, or bone marrow overproduction (e.g., polycythemia vera). Symptoms can include headache, facial redness, or circulatory issues. When is this test recommended? Symptoms like fatigue or pallor Blood loss or chronic illness Fluid imbalance check Routine checkup or pre-surgery evaluation \

What is the herpes test and what does it show? This blood test checks for IgG antibodies against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 & HSV-2). It can show whether you have been previously infected, even if you’ve never had clear symptoms. HSV-1 most often causes cold sores around the mouth HSV-2 is more commonly linked to genital herpes Both types are very common, contagious, and can be spread with or without visible symptoms. Why test for herpes? Recurring blisters, sores, or burning in the mouth or genital area Planning a pregnancy or undergoing fertility treatment After unprotected sex, to check for a possible infection To prepare for future symptoms or outbreaks To reduce the risk of infecting a partner Herpes can be reactivated during periods of stress or a weakened immune system, even without noticeable symptoms. How does the test work? Uses a venous blood sample Detects IgG antibodies, which appear after infection and remain for life Can confirm past infection even if you had no symptoms Note: It can take 12–16 weeks after exposure for IgG antibodies to appear. If you test too early, the result may be falsely negative. Retesting may be needed. What do the results mean? HSV-1 IgG positive: Indicates a past infection with HSV-1, typically oral but can cause genital herpes through oral-genital contact. HSV-2 IgG positive: Indicates a past infection with HSV-2, typically linked to genital herpes. May have been asymptomatic. Negative (both IgG): No trace of previous infection. Likely not exposed, but early testing could miss recent infections. Common herpes symptoms Painful blisters or sores in the mouth or genitals Itching, burning, or tingling sensations Fever, headache, or muscle aches during first outbreak Recurring outbreaks in the same area Some people have no symptoms at all, making testing especially useful. Who is the test suitable for? Those who’ve had unprotected sex People planning for or already in pregnancy Individuals with recurrent sores or irritation in the mouth or genitals Those in a new relationship and want to reduce infection risk Anyone seeking a diagnosis to support treatment of future symptoms Summary The Herpes IgG Antibody Test is a reliable and accessible way to determine whether you’ve been infected with HSV-1 or HSV-2 in the past. It helps you better understand your symptoms, protect your partner, and seek faster care if needed.

The B-HLA-B27 test is a genetic blood test that looks for the HLA-B27 marker, a specific variant in the immune system’s HLA system (Human Leukocyte Antigen).

What is homocysteine? Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is a bioproduct of methionine. It is an important marker in health and disease. Homocysteine is toxic and may be a marker for several chronic diseases.Elevated levels are thought to be caused by abnormalities in the methylation pathway, which is key for immune regulation and inflammation. Elevated homocysteine is common in deficiencies of vitamins B6, B9 (folate), and B12 - and is an independent risk factor for heart disease, stroke, autoimmune disease, recurrent miscarriage, cancer, leaky blood-brain barrier, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, depression, and cognitive impairment.A homocysteine test is often done alongside an MMA test, a functional test that can detect vitamin B12 deficiency. Several genetic factors can result in irregular homocysteine levels, both high and low.The reference for high homocysteine is >15. Research shows that optimal levels of homocysteine range from 7 to 11 umol/L. Stroke incidence occurs when homocysteine levels exceed 11 umol/L.Why test homocysteine? Testing homocysteine levels is essential for identifying risk factors for lifestyle diseases and nutrient deficiencies, such as B6, B12, or folate. It is important for those with a personal or family history of high homocysteine, heart disease, or stroke. Elevated homocysteine can impact pregnancy outcomes, making it crucial for those planning to have a baby. What causes low homocysteine?Low homocysteine is known as hypohomocysteinaemia. This can be caused by several factors, including an increase in the production of glutathione (during which the body uses more homocysteine than usual), a low intake of vitamins B9 (folate) and B12, a low intake of amino acids methionine and cysteine, and excessive conversion to another substance called cystathione.Since animal products are the main source of methionine, vegans, and vegetarians may be at increased risk of low homocysteine. Another reason is an inherently low level of the enzyme MTHFR. Research shows that up to 25% of people suffer from a genetic polymorphism (a type of weakness) in the MTHFR gene.Low homocysteine may be a sign of oxidative stress if it is caused by the body producing more glutathione in response to oxidative stress.Symptoms of low homocysteineSymptoms of low homocysteine levels can include persistent fatigue, cognitive issues, mood changes, poor circulation, and unexplained muscle weakness. Often linked to high levels of B vitamins, maintaining a balanced nutrient intake is essential. If low homocysteine is suspected, consulting a healthcare provider for testing and guidance is recommended.What causes high homocysteine?High homocysteine, also known as hyperhomocysteinaemia can cause numerous health issues. High homocysteine can indicate malnutrition and particularly vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, so we strongly recommend testing your B12 and folate levels. People with kidney conditions can have higher homocysteine levels. Stress can temporarily increase homocysteine. Certain genetic polymorphisms, like MTHFR 677CT are associated with elevated homocysteine, particularly in association with folate deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency. Homocysteine levels tend to increase with age, smoking, being male, coffee consumption, high blood pressure, higher blood fat and cholesterol levels, high creatinine, and certain medications such as carbamazepine, methotrexate, and phenytoin. Women's concentrations increase after menopause, possibly due to decreased estrogen production. Low estrogen levels can also lower homocysteine.Having normal homocysteine levels does not rule out other problems. If you are suffering recurrent miscarriages and your homocysteine is normal, there are other tests that we can order (such as S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH)). High homocysteine, also known as hyperhomocysteinemia can cause health issues. Even though the reference for high homocysteine is >, research shows that optimal levels of homocysteine ranges from 7 to 11 μmol/L. Stroke incidence occurs when homocysteine levels exceed 11 μmol/L.High homocysteine increases the risk of ischemic stroke and may be an independent risk factor for heart disease, particularly in people with other risk factors. Studies also suggest that elevated homocysteine levels in the late first trimester (8 to 12 weeks) of pregnancy may affect pregnancy outcomes. Several studies have found that high homocysteine increases the risk of ischemic stroke and may be an independent risk factor for heart disease, particularly in people with other risk factors. Studies also suggest that elevated homocysteine levels in the late first trimester (8 to 12 weeks) of pregnancy may affect pregnancy outcomes. Symptoms of high homocysteineHigh homocysteine levels can cause fatigue, memory problems, difficulty concentrating, and mood changes like depression and anxiety. It increases the risk of cardiovascular issues, such as heart disease, stroke, and blood clots, and may lead to bone and joint pain, poor circulation, and blurred vision. Consulting a healthcare provider is essential to address these risks.More informationHigh homocysteine may increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. Preparations for this testNo preparation is needed for this test.On the day of the testAlways take your ID. with you when going to take a test.

Horse allergies are triggered by tiny particles from a horse’s skin, fur, or dander.

What is IGF-1? IGF1 is a hormonal marker for growth and cellular health.IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1) is a hormone similar to insulin and is produced primarily in the liver. It plays a crucial role in the body’s growth, cell renewal, and tissue repair. The hormone is active throughout life and affects how the body’s tissues grow, maintain and recover. When is it relevant to test IGF-1? An IGF-1 test is used to evaluate hormonal balance, especially in connection with growth hormone (GH). It is particularly useful for:1. Suspicion of GH deficiency in adults – low IGF-1 levels can be linked to fatigue, weak muscle mass, increased fat mass, osteoporosis and low energy. 2. Investigation of acromegaly – a condition in which the body produces too much growth hormone, which results in high IGF-1 levels.3. Assessment of growth in children and adolescents – the test can show if growth deviates from normal.4. Follow-up of hormone therapy – to ensure that the dosage of GH is correct – Insight into aging and cell renewal – as IGF-1 is involved in the body's repair processes By measuring IGF-1, you get a broad picture of the body's hormonal status, growth capacity and metabolism. The test is an important tool in the investigation of both deficiency and overproduction of growth hormone.What do the results mean?What does low IGF-1 mean?Low levels of IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1) can indicate growth hormone deficiency – often seen in pituitary disorders, aging – IGF-1 naturally decreases with age, chronic illnesses – such as liver disease, malnutrition, or inflammatory conditions. It can also be affected by poor nutritional status – especially low protein intake or calorie restriction. Hypothyroidism – low thyroid hormone levels can suppress IGF-1 production.Low IGF-1 may lead to fatigue, reduced muscle mass, poor bone health, or delayed growth in children.What does high IGF-1 mean?High levels of IGF-1 can suggest excess growth hormone production, such as in acromegaly (in adults) or gigantism (in children), puberty or pregnancy, high protein or calorie intake – IGF-1 rises with increased nutrition, insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes – elevated insulin can stimulate IGF-1. Although rare, liver or pituitary tumors, may contribute to overproduction.  High IGF-1 may be linked to increased cell growth and division, and chronically high levels are being studied for possible links to cancer risk.InstructionsOn the day of the testRemember to take I.D. with you when going to take a test. Sit down for 15 minutes and rest before taking a test.

What is S-IgA?The S-IgA test checks the levels of antibodies called immunoglobulins in your bloodstream. Antibodies are proteins made by your immune cells to fight off pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and mold and also food proteins. The immunoglobulin test can show whether there's a problem with your immune system.  IgA antibodies are found in the mucous membranes of the lungs, sinuses, stomach, and intestines. They are also found in fluids produced by these membranes (saliva, tears, and blood). Most S-IgA is produced by the gastrointestinal barrier. IgA antibodies constitute 10 to 15% of the total antibodies.Why test S-IgA?Health checkDiscover factors for lifestyle diseases in time and do something about them. You may want to rule out or diagnose problems with the immune system, intestines, and kidneys. IgA is also a common biomarker for children with recurrent infections or chronic health problems.SymptomsAn S-IgA test is often part of a routine check when you have diverse symptoms, especially frequent infections of the sinuses, lungs, stomach, or intestines, chronic diarrhea or other gut problems, unintended weight loss, fevers, skin rashes, or allergies.MonitoringMonitor changes to your blood values as you make lifestyle changes or undergo treatments.More InformationWhat do the results mean?What causes low S-IgA?Low S-IgA means that your immune system is weakened and that something has been attacking your body for a long time. Causes include the use of certain medicines such as steroids and immunosuppressive drugs, diabetes, kidney disease and/or failure, long-term autoimmune disease, chronic disease/symptoms, long-term consumption of foods that you have allergy/sensitivity to, chronic infections, long-term stress, poor sleep, and exhaustion. One common reason for low S-IgA is damage to the intestinal barrier, such as with untreated celiac disease or non-celiac gluten intolerance, which can reduce S-IgA production.You don’t necessarily have one of these conditions just because your immunoglobulin level is low.What causes high S-IgA?High S-IgA means that your immune system is acutely reacting to something foreign like active infections, inflammation, allergies, development of disease or autoimmune disease, or autoimmune flare-ups.More informationInstructionsNo advance preparation is needed for this test.On the day of the testRemember to take I.D. with you when going to take a test. Arrive early and sit down quietly for 15 minutes before taking the test.

What is S-IgE?The S-IgE test checks the levels of antibodies called immunoglobulins in your bloodstream. Antibodies are proteins produced by your immune cells to fight off pathogens like bacteria, viruses, mould and food proteins. The immunoglobulin test can show whether there's a problem with your immune system. IgE antibodies are generally related to allergic reactions. Newer research is also supporting IgE as a biomarker in oncology.Why test S-IgE?You may test S-IgE to discover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases. This may be especially helpful for those suffering from atopy and frequent allergic reactions to foods or airborne allergens. People with allergies can develop asthma symptoms including postnasal drip, itchy eyes, skin rashes, and eczema. An S-IgE test is often part of a routine check when you have allergies or suffer from food reactions or diverse symptoms such as frequent infections of the sinuses, lungs, stomach, or intestines, chronic diarrhoea, fever, unexplained weight loss, eczema, or other skin problems like rashes, dry, red, itchy and scaly skin.MonitoringMonitor changes to your blood values as you make lifestyle changes or undergo treatments.More InformationWhat do the results mean?What causes low S-IgE?Low or undetectable S-IgE usually means that your immune system isn't working as it should, and can point to an immunodeficiency disorder. Causes include the use of certain medicines such as steroids and immunosuppressive drugs, chronic disease, long-term autoimmune disease, gut disorders, cancers, and chronic infections. You don’t necessarily have one of these conditions just because your immunoglobulin level is low.Ultra-low IgE levels are sometimes used as a new biomarker in oncology (cancer).Symptoms of low S-IgELow serum immunoglobulin E (S-IgE) levels typically do not cause specific symptoms. However, they may indicate underlying conditions such as hypogammaglobulinemia or certain genetic immunodeficiency disorders, which can increase the risk of infections, particularly respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. Low S-IgE levels might also suggest a reduced likelihood of allergic diseases.What causes high S-IgE?Elevated IgE is a robust biomarker in atopy, allergic disorders, and parasitic infections. Very elevated levels can lead to severe allergic reactions called anaphylactic shock.Symptoms of high S-IgEHigh serum immunoglobulin E (S-IgE) levels are often associated with allergic reactions and conditions. Symptoms can include frequent allergic reactions such as hay fever (sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes), eczema (itchy, inflamed skin), asthma (wheezing, shortness of breath), food allergies (hives, swelling, digestive issues), and chronic sinus infections. Elevated S-IgE levels can also be indicative of parasite infection.More informationInstructionsNo advance preparation is needed for this test.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when going to take a test. Arrive early and sit for 15 minutes before taking the test.

What is S-IgM?The S-IgM test checks the levels of antibodies called immunoglobulins in your bloodstream. Antibodies are proteins made by your immune cells to fight off pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and mold but also to food proteins. The immunoglobulin test can show whether there's a problem with your immune system. IgM antibodies are your body’s first line of defense against infection. The body makes IgM antibodies on first infection with bacteria and viruses. Levels then fall as IgG antibodies take over.Why test S-IgM?You may test S-IgM to discover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases (and change them), when you have certain symptoms, such as frequent infections of the sinuses, lungs, stomach, or intestines, chronic diarrhea, fever, unexplained weight loss, allergies, or skin rashes.MonitoringMonitor changes to your blood values as you make lifestyle changes or undergo treatments.What causes low S-IgM?Low S-IgM means that your immune system isn't working optimally. Normal levels of IgM antibodies can protect against pathogens like bacteria and viruses. Having low levels has been associated with a higher risk of recurring infections.Causes of low IgM include the use of certain medicines such as steroids and immunosuppressive drugs, diabetes, kidney disease/failure, long-term autoimmune diseases, gut disorders, and chronic infections. You don’t necessarily have one of these conditions if your immunoglobulin level is out of range.What causes high S-IgM?High S-IgM means that your immune system is acutely reacting to something foreign like active infections, inflammation, development of disease or autoimmune disease, or autoimmune flare-ups.More informationPreparations for this test On the day of the test Always take I.D. with you when going to take a test. Arrive early and sit for 15 minutes before taking the test.

What is ionized calcium?This test measures the biologically active form of calcium in the blood, known as ionized calcium. Unlike total calcium, ionized calcium reflects the portion of calcium that is freely available to the body and actively involved in essential processes such as muscle contractions, nerve signaling, and bone health. The test is especially valuable when investigating potential disorders related to the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium levels via the hormone parathyroid hormone (PTH). Conditions such as hyperparathyroidism or hypoparathyroidism can lead to abnormal calcium balance and may be detected through this test. It is also useful when assessing suspected vitamin D deficiency, malabsorption syndromes that affect calcium uptake, or kidney conditions like uremia that can alter calcium levels in the blood. What do the results mean? Normal range – Typically 1.15–1.35 mmol/L, indicating balanced calcium regulation Low ionized calcium (hypocalcemia) – May suggest hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, kidney disease, magnesium deficiency, or malabsorption High ionized calcium (hypercalcemia) – May point to hyperparathyroidism, certain cancers, excess vitamin D, or other endocrine disorders When is the test suitable? When evaluating parathyroid gland disorders (e.g., hyperparathyroidism or hypoparathyroidism) In cases of suspected vitamin D deficiency When investigating malabsorption syndromes that impair calcium uptake In patients with chronic kidney disease, especially uremia When total calcium levels are abnormal or difficult to interpret due to low albumin or critical illness Interpretation and limitations Ionized calcium provides a more accurate picture of calcium status than total calcium, particularly in hospitalized or critically ill patients. However, results can be influenced by blood pH, sample handling, and collection timing. Interpretation should always consider clinical context, additional lab values (e.g., PTH, vitamin D), and symptoms. About the analysis The test is based on a venous blood sample, often requiring special handling to ensure accurate ionized calcium measurement. It is a key diagnostic tool for identifying metabolic, endocrine, and renal disorders that affect calcium balance.

What is Lactase Dehydrogenase: LD is an enzyme present in nearly all cells of the body, involved in converting lactate to pyruvate during energy production—especially under low oxygen conditions. When cells are damaged or destroyed, LD leaks into the bloodstream, making it a broad marker for tissue injury. Why test Lactase Dehydrogenase: This test helps detect or monitor tissue damage in organs such as the heart, liver, kidneys, muscles, or blood. It's often used as an early warning sign when cell damage is suspected, although it cannot pinpoint the exact location or cause on its own. What do the results mean What does high lactase dehydrogenase mean? Elevated LD levels may indicate a heart attack, liver disease (e.g. hepatitis or cirrhosis), muscle injury, hemolytic anemia, infections, kidney disease, or cancer. Intense physical activity can also temporarily raise LD due to minor muscle damage, so context is key. What does low lactase dehydrogenase mean? Low LD levels are rare and usually not clinically relevant. They can occasionally occur in advanced liver failure or rare genetic enzyme deficiencies. A normal or low LD generally suggests no active tissue damage. Reference range Typically between 1.8–3.4 µkat/L in adults, though ranges may differ slightly between labs. Elevated results following recent exercise may not indicate a medical problem.

What does the genetic test for lactose intolerance show?

What is LDL cholesterol?Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a lipoprotein containing Apo B that carries cholesterol in the blood.  Maintaining and monitoring healthy blood fats is important for good health. Dietary and lifestyle factors, as well as other health conditions, can affect the level of cholesterol in the blood. The LDL test is a calculated value that is usually ordered as part of a full lipid profile on either a routine health exam or to evaluate risk factors for heart disease. The LDL test is usually done as part of a larger lipid panel that includes at least total cholesterol, LDL or non-HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Why test LDL cholesterol? Unless this is ordered as a retest or for a specific reason, we recommend ordering this as part of a health test.Health CheckDiscover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to do something about them.MonitoringMonitor changes to your blood values as you make lifestyle changes or undergo treatments.What causes low LDL cholesterolLow cholesterol means that you have higher-than-expected cholesterol levels in the blood.  Oxidative stress, malnutrition, hyperthyroidism, autoimmune processes, and liver/biliary dysfunction are some causes of low cholesterol.What causes high LDL cholesterol?High cholesterol means that you have higher than expected cholesterol levels in the blood.  Genetic factors, smoking, dietary saturated fats (especially palmitic acid from butter and trans fats), and a low fibre or low-sodium diet) can all increase your LDL cholesterol. Health conditions like hypothyroidism and insulin resistance can also have this effect.More informationLDL is often called the ‘bad’ cholesterol because it contributes to heart disease risk, but this description is a misnomer. Cholesterol is cholesterol, LDLs are just the most common circulating Apo B containing lipoproteins which can be retained in your artery wall. Both naturally randomized genetic studies and randomized intervention trials consistently demonstrate that lower plasma LDL particle concentration reduces the risk of heart disease.  The more of these Apo B-containing lipoproteins, such as LDL, that are circulating in your blood, the higher your risk of heart disease [1]. LDL cholesterol rises in pregnancy.  Some medications affect LDL-C levels. Tell us if you are taking any medications or supplements.InstructionsPostpone this test if you are ill. Wait at least 6 weeks after illness to have LDL measured.The day beforeDo not eat or drink anything except water for at least 10 (preferably 12) hours before taking this test.On the dayThis test is ideally done in the early morning after an overnight fast.  Remember to take I.D. with you when going to take a test. [2]   

What is lead? Lead is a heavy metal that serves no useful function in the human body. Even in small amounts, it can interfere with important biological processes and contribute to serious health issues. It is most often found in older building materials (like paint and pipes), contaminated water, certain imported goods, and industrial environments. Lead is especially dangerous for children, whose developing brains and bodies are more vulnerable to its toxic effects. Why test lead? A blood test for lead (P-Bly) is used to detect and assess recent or ongoing exposure. It is especially relevant for people living or working in environments where lead contamination may occur—such as in older homes, certain industrial workplaces, or areas with known pollution. Testing is also recommended when symptoms such as fatigue, cognitive issues, or developmental delays are present, particularly in children. Since lead affects the nervous system, red blood cell production, kidneys, and fertility, it is a critical test for both diagnosis and prevention. What do the results mean? The amount of lead in your blood reflects recent exposure. High levels suggest that the body is absorbing more lead than it can safely process, while low or undetectable levels generally indicate no significant exposure. Test results must always take into account your age, sex, exposure history, and clinical symptoms. What does it mean if I have high lead in my blood? High levels of lead in the blood point to recent or ongoing exposure. This can come from lead-based paints, water from lead pipes, certain imported products (like cosmetics or ceramics), contaminated soil, or occupational settings such as battery manufacturing or metal recycling. In adults, levels above 1.5 µmol/L (especially in high-risk jobs) and in women under 50 above 0.5 µmol/L are considered elevated and may require action. Long-term exposure can lead to fatigue, memory problems, anemia, kidney damage, fertility issues, and neurological disorders. Identifying and eliminating the source of exposure is essential, and in some cases, medical treatment may be needed.  

Leptin is a hormonal test for appetite, weight, and metabolism. Leptin is a hormone produced in the body's fat tissue and plays a key role in regulating appetite, metabolism, and energy balance. Leptin sends signals to the brain to regulate hunger and satiety, which helps the body maintain a stable weight. What does a leptin test show? The leptin blood test measures the concentration of leptin in the blood. High levels are often linked to being overweight, while low levels are seen with underweight or starvation. In obesity, the body can develop leptin resistance – an impaired signaling to the brain – which can lead to increased hunger despite high leptin values. The test is particularly relevant for:1. Difficulty losing weight despite healthy habits. 2. Increased hunger or suspected leptin resistance in obesity. 3. Fatigue and slow metabolism.4. Absence of menstruation due to low energy intake (hypothalamic amenorrhea).5. Suspected hormonal disorders or metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease Interpretation and reference values Leptin levels are affected by body fat, gender, and hormones. Women generally have higher levels than men, which is partly due to estrogen. What does high leptin signify?Elevated levels may indicate leptin resistance.What does low leptin signify?Low levels may signal malnutrition or hormonal imbalance. Please note that the sample can only be taken at clinics affiliated with Karolinska, with analysis taking place 1–2 times a month.

What is Lipase? Lipase is a digestive enzyme mainly produced by the pancreas. It breaks down fats in the diet into free fatty acids and glycerol. In blood testing, lipase levels are most often used to assess pancreatic health, especially in cases of suspected acute pancreatitis. Why test Lipase? This test is crucial when investigating acute abdominal pain, particularly if symptoms like nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, or upper abdominal discomfort are present. Lipase is more sensitive and specific than amylase for detecting pancreatic inflammation. It is also used to monitor chronic pancreatitis and other gastrointestinal conditions. What do the results mean?What does high lipase mean? Elevated lipase levels usually signal inflammation of the pancreas—most commonly acute pancreatitis. Other possible causes include chronic pancreatitis, gallstones, pancreatic duct blockage, kidney failure, celiac disease, peptic ulcer perforation, or certain cancers. Because lipase is cleared by the kidneys, impaired kidney function can also raise its levels. What does low lipase mean? Low lipase levels are less common and often not clinically concerning. However, they may indicate reduced pancreatic enzyme production, which can occur in advanced chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, or other conditions affecting fat digestion. Reference ranges Reference values vary by lab, but normal adult levels typically fall within 0.3–1.0 µkat/L. Mild fluctuations may not indicate disease and should be interpreted in a clinical context.

Information about Lipoprotein (a) What is lipoprotein (a)? Lipoprotein (a) – or Lp (a) - is a type of lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood. A lipoprotein (a) test measures blood levels of Lp (a) to evaluate heart disease risk. Why test lipoprotein (a)?Testing lipoprotein (a) is important for several reasons. It helps you discover risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to take preventive action. If you have a family history of cardiovascular disease, especially at a young age, your risk of heart disease is increased. Additionally, if you have a history of heart attack or stroke, particularly when your lipid profile is normal or shows only slightly elevated cholesterol, testing for lipoprotein (a) can provide valuable insights into your cardiovascular health and help manage your risk more effectively. What causes low lipoprotein (a)?Lp (a) is genetically determined. There are no known problems caused by low Lp (a) and many people have no Lp (a) detectable in the blood.  Lower Lp (a) is thought to decrease heart disease risk.Symptoms of low lipoprotein (a)Low lipoprotein (a) is generally considered beneficial and typically does not cause any symptoms or health problems. Low lipoprotein (a) is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, such as heart attacks and strokes. Low lipoprotein (a) is usually not a cause for concern and there are no symptoms. If you have questions about your lipoprotein (a) levels or cardiovascular health, consult your healthcare provider. What causes high lipoprotein (a)? A high Lp (a) may increase a person’s risk of cardiovascular disease. It can occur in people even with a normal lipid profile. Lifestyle and dietary changes may help to lower other risk factors for heart disease. Although Lp (a) is genetically determined, some health conditions can increase Lp (a) and your doctor may wish to investigate these.Symptoms of high lipoprotein (a)Elevated lipoprotein (a) can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Elevated lipoprotein (a) is often associated with heart and vascular health symptoms. Common symptoms include chest pain, which may indicate angina or an increased risk of heart attack, shortness of breath, persistent fatigue, and high blood pressure. You might also experience heart palpitations, irregular or rapid heartbeats, and yellowish cholesterol deposits under the skin, known as xanthomas, often around the eyes or joints. Additionally, dizziness or lightheadedness can occur. If you notice these symptoms, it is important to consult a doctor for proper evaluation and treatment, as high lipoprotein (a) levels can significantly increase the risk of heart disease.More information Lp (a) levels are genetically determined.  Lp (a) is considered to contribute to the overall risk of cardiovascular disease.  About 50% of people who have a heart attack have a normal cholesterol level. Therefore, researchers have sought other ways to investigate heart attack risk and Lp (a) is one of them.  Lp (a) is thought to contribute to heart attack risk by promoting the development of atherosclerotic plaque on the walls of blood vessels. Preparation for this test No advance preparation is needed for this test, but as it is often part of a lipid profile you may be advised to fast before taking it so read the instructions clearly when ordering a test.On the day of the testAlways take ID with you when going to take a test.  

What is LH?Luteinizing hormone (LH) is primarily a fertility hormone in both men and women. In women, LH affects the ovaries, stimulating ovulation and progesterone synthesis.  In males, it affects the testes. LH has a role in puberty, menstruation, and fertility. Why test LH?LH is used as included in a panel of tests to evaluate a woman’s reproductive function and menstrual problems.  Determining your blood LH levels can indicate underlying problems associated with several reproductive health issues. In women, reasons to test your LH include fertility issues, miscarriage, to check for perimenopause or menopause, or if you have irregular or absent menstrual periods or other suspected problems, e.g., Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). In men, LH can be tested in men with signs of low testosterone levels, such as low muscle mass or a decreased sex drive. Experts disagree about the extent to which men should test their hormones as part of a fertility assessment. It is thought that, in the majority of cases, male hormones are not the cause of male infertility.What causes low LH?Low or high levels do not necessarily indicate a problem if there are no symptoms. If you are a woman low LH levels may mean that your pituitary gland is not working correctly, that you have an eating disorder, or that you are malnourished.  Low LH levels in men may indicate a pituitary gland or hypothalamus disorder. Low LH and FSH levels in children may be a sign of delayed puberty caused by ovarian or testicle disorder, Turner Syndrome (girls), Klinefelter's syndrome (boys), infection, hormone deficiency and eating disorders.Symptoms of low LHSymptoms of low luteinizing hormone (LH) can vary depending on the individual's age and sex. In women, low LH can lead to irregular or absent menstrual periods, infertility, and decreased sexual desire. In men, it can cause low testosterone levels, leading to symptoms such as decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction, decreased muscle mass, fatigue, and infertility. In children, low LH levels can result in delayed or absent puberty. What causes high LH?The results of this test are complex and need to be looked at by your doctor considering other test results. LH is used alongside other tests. LH and FSH levels can help to distinguish between primary ovarian failure (direct ovarian failure or lack of ovarian development) and secondary ovarian failure (ovarian failure due to disorders of either the pituitary or the hypothalamus).Secondary ovarian failure causes low levels of LH and FSH. Secondary ovarian failure indicates a problem with the pituitary or hypothalamus.  In women who wish to get pregnant, several LH tests can help identify the surge before ovulation An LH surge indicates that ovulation has occurred.You have more circulating LH than expected. High levels do not necessarily indicate a problem if there are no symptoms.  The significance of LH results depends on a few factors, such as your gender and age.  High LH levels in women may mean that you: are not ovulating. If you are of childbearing age, this may mean you have a problem in your ovaries. If you are older, it may mean you have started menopause or are in perimenopause. have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a common hormone disorder affecting childbearing women. It is one of the leading causes of female infertility. have Turner syndrome, a genetic disorder that affects sexual development in females. It often causes infertility.  In postmenopausal women, an increase in LH levels may play a role in the development of Alzheimer’s Disease. LH promotes the deposition of amyloid β plaques in the hippocampus, as seen in Alzheimer’s Disease.If you are a man, high LH levels may mean that your testicles were damaged by chemotherapy, radiation, infection, or alcohol abuse, or that you have Klinefelter's syndrome, which often causes infertility. In children, high LH levels, along with high levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, may mean puberty is about to start or has already begun. Before age 9 for girls or age 10 for boys (precocious puberty), it may be a sign of a disorder of the central nervous system or a brain injury.Symptoms of high LHHigh luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in women can cause irregular menstrual cycles, infertility, and symptoms of PCOS like acne and excessive hair growth. In men, it may indicate testicular failure, leading to low testosterone, reduced muscle mass, fatigue, and infertility. In children, high LH can cause early puberty.More informationLH levels should rise at mid-cycle, about 24 to 36 hours before ovulation occurs. High levels of LH on day 3 may indicate disorders such as polycystic ovary disease or ovarian failure.  If you take hormonal contraceptives, the results of this test may not be accurate.Preparations for this testThis test should not be performed during ongoing or after recently completed antibiotic treatment. For fertility evaluation, this test should be taken on day 3 (or at least between days 2-5). A woman’s menstrual cycle is measured from the first day of her period (blood flow, not spotting), so Cycle Day 3 is the third day of her period.On the day of the testRemember to take I.D. with you when going to take a test. 

B-Lymphocytes B-Lymphocytes is a blood test that measures the level of lymphocytes, an important type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the body's adaptive immune system. Lymphocytes protect the body from viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens by producing antibodies and coordinating immune responses. They are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the blood, lymph, and body tissues. Why test B-Lymphocytes? Measuring lymphocyte levels is useful for evaluating long-term infections, suspected immunodeficiencies, chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, or blood cancers such as leukemia or lymphoma. The test is often included in an extended blood panel to provide a complete immune profile. When is the test relevant? Recurrent or long-term infections Fever without an obvious cause Swollen lymph nodes Persistent fatigue or unexplained weight loss Suspected autoimmune disease or cancer Monitoring after immunosuppressive treatment or known immunodeficiency Interpretation of results Elevated levels (Lymphocytosis) May suggest an active immune response or chronic condition. Possible causes include: Viral infections (e.g. mononucleosis, hepatitis, influenza) Chronic infections (e.g. tuberculosis) Autoimmune diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis) Lymphatic blood cancers (e.g. leukemia, lymphoma) Long-term inflammation Low levels (Lymphocytopenia) May indicate immune suppression or reduced production of lymphocytes. Common causes include: Viral infections (e.g. HIV, measles) Autoimmune diseases Kidney or liver disease, malnutrition Chemotherapy or radiation therapy Long-term corticosteroid treatment Bone marrow disorders affecting blood cell production B-Lymphocytes are a valuable marker for assessing the immune system’s status. Abnormal values should always be interpreted in combination with other blood tests and clinical symptoms to reach an accurate diagnosis. Further testing may be needed if significant deviations are found.

What is Magnesium?Magnesium is an important nutrient for strong bones and muscles, energy, and nerve function. It helps regulate blood pressure and your heartbeat. 300 or more biochemical reactions depend on magnesium (1). A serum magnesium test measures the amount of magnesium in the bloodstream.Why test magnesium?Testing magnesium levels is essential for identifying lifestyle disease risk factors, especially if you have high alcohol intake or a diet low in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and beans. Those with a history of magnesium deficiency, digestive issues, or constipation should also test regularly. Monitoring magnesium helps track changes from lifestyle adjustments or supplements. Severe symptoms like weakness, muscle cramps, confusion, seizures, or cardiac arrhythmias warrant immediate medical consultation. Regular testing ensures timely intervention and optimal health. What causes low magnesium?A low blood level of magnesium may suggest that a person is either not consuming or absorbing enough magnesium or is losing magnesium. Causes include a diet low in plant foods or high in refined foods, uncontrolled diabetes, prolonged diarrhea, and other gastrointestinal problems, proton pump inhibitors and other antacids, ulcerative colitis, pancreatitis, any disorders that affect fat absorption, long-term diuretic use, chronic alcohol abuse, sweating, stress and burn injury. Lower magnesium levels can occur during pregnancy, particularly in the second and third trimesters. Both athletes and sauna users have increased magnesium need.Symptoms of low magnesiumSymptoms of low magnesium, also known as hypomagnesemia, can include muscle cramps, weakness, and tremors. You might also experience fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, symptoms can escalate to include numbness and tingling, seizures, abnormal heart rhythms, and personality changes such as irritability or confusion. Chronic low magnesium levels can also contribute to more serious conditions like osteoporosis, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases​.What causes high magnesium?High levels are usually due to excessive supplementation or problems with excretion. Some people eliminate less than expected amounts of magnesium from the body. Blood magnesium levels can be affected by medications. Several health conditions can result in high magnesium, including hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism and dehydration. The body keeps magnesium levels stable. Cell levels can be low even if blood magnesium is normal.Symptoms of high magnesium High magnesium levels, or hypermagnesemia, can cause a range of symptoms. Early signs include nausea, vomiting, and facial flushing. As magnesium levels increase, symptoms may progress to muscle weakness, decreased reflexes, and lethargy. Severe hypermagnesemia can lead to more serious complications such as low blood pressure, irregular heart rhythms, respiratory distress, and even cardiac arrest. Confusion and reduced consciousness are also possible in extreme cases. Monitoring magnesium levels is particularly important for individuals with kidney dysfunction or those taking magnesium-containing medications. Preparations for this testThere is no preparation for this test.On the dayAlways take I.D. with you when going to take a test.

B-MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) B-MCV is a blood test that measures the average volume of red blood cells (erythrocytes). It is a key marker for evaluating the blood’s ability to carry oxygen and for identifying different types of anemia or blood disorders. The value is expressed in femtoliters (fL) and is typically part of a complete blood count (CBC). Why analyze B-MCV? B-MCV helps classify anemia based on red blood cell size: microcytic (too small), normocytic (normal size), or macrocytic (too large). This information helps guide further diagnostics and treatment decisions. When is the test relevant? Suspected anemia or chronic anemia Symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness or pale skin Investigation of iron, vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies Monitoring treatment of known blood disorders Clarifying abnormal findings in other blood tests Interpretation of results Normal MCV (82–98 fL) Indicates that red blood cells are of normal size, reflecting stable blood production. Elevated MCV (Macrocytosis) Red blood cells are larger than normal. Common causes include: Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency Alcohol abuse Liver disease Hypothyroidism Certain medications Bone marrow disorders Low MCV (Microcytosis) Red blood cells are smaller than normal. Common causes include: Iron deficiency anemia Thalassemia Chronic inflammatory diseases Lead poisoning B-MCV is a central component in anemia diagnostics. When interpreted alongside markers like B-Hemoglobin, ferritin, and reticulocytes, it provides a more complete picture of oxygen transport capacity and underlying health conditions. Abnormal values should always be followed up with additional lab tests and clinical evaluation by a healthcare professional.

B-MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) B-MCV is a blood test that measures the average volume of red blood cells (erythrocytes). It is a key marker for evaluating the blood’s ability to carry oxygen and for identifying different types of anemia or blood disorders. The value is expressed in femtoliters (fL) and is typically part of a complete blood count (CBC). Why analyze B-MCV? B-MCV helps classify anemia based on red blood cell size: microcytic (too small), normocytic (normal size), or macrocytic (too large). This information helps guide further diagnostics and treatment decisions. When is the test relevant? Suspected anemia or chronic anemia Symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness or pale skin Investigation of iron, vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies Monitoring treatment of known blood disorders Clarifying abnormal findings in other blood tests Interpretation of results Normal MCV (82–98 fL) Indicates that red blood cells are of normal size, reflecting stable blood production. Elevated MCV (Macrocytosis) Red blood cells are larger than normal. Common causes include: Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency Alcohol abuse Liver disease Hypothyroidism Certain medications Bone marrow disorders Low MCV (Microcytosis) Red blood cells are smaller than normal. Common causes include: Iron deficiency anemia Thalassemia Chronic inflammatory diseases Lead poisoning B-MCV is a central component in anemia diagnostics. When interpreted alongside markers like B-Hemoglobin, ferritin, and reticulocytes, it provides a more complete picture of oxygen transport capacity and underlying health conditions. Abnormal values should always be followed up with additional lab tests and clinical evaluation by a healthcare professional.

What is Methylmalonic Acid?Methylmalonic acid is a compound produced during amino acid metabolism that increases with vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient that can only be obtained from the diet. Deficiency can result in cognitive and mental problems, dizziness, numbness, and neurological damage. Vitamin B12 deficiency is relatively common. Up to 20% of the elderly population may have insufficient Vitamin B12. Pregnant women, vegetarians, vegans and people with poor absorption, intestinal diseases or those taking stomach acid pills are at increased risk of B12 deficiency. The Methylmalonic acid (MMA) test, along with a homocysteine test, can help to uncover an early or mild vitamin B12 deficiency.  They are often ordered together when a person’s vitamin B12 test result is in the lower half of the reference range, especially if they have symptoms or clinical indications of vitamin B12 deficiency.Why test MMA?Health checkDiscover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to do something about them.Symptoms of B12 deficiencyThere are many symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, including difficulty walking, mood swings, numbness in your hands or feet, difficulty in thinking clearly, fatigue, headaches, depression, anemia, infertility, insomnia, irritability, and anxiety.Low serum B12Your serum B12 measures in the lowest half of the reference range.More informationVitamin B12 deficiency can result in cognitive and mental problems, dizziness, numbness, and neurological damage.  MMA increases in concentration when vitamin B12 is deficient and is a marker of vitamin B12 deficiency.  Kidney disease can falsely elevate MMA.Vitamin B12 deficiency is common. Up to 20% of the elderly population may have insufficient vitamin B12 levels. Pregnant women, vegetarians, vegans, people with poor absorption, intestinal diseases or those taking stomach acid pills are all at increased risk of B12 deficiency. Although MMA is considered the current ‘gold standard’ of vitamin B12 testing, it is significantly more expensive than a serum vitamin B12 test. Hence your doctor will usually order a vitamin B12 test first, and only possibly order an MMA test if B12 is in the lower half of the reference range, and you have symptoms of deficiency or insufficiency. Testing both vitamin B12 and MMA together gives a better picture of your B12 status.What do the results mean?MMA tests are interpreted considering other tests and the clinical picture. If MMA and homocysteine levels are normal, a B12 deficiency is unlikely to be the cause of any symptoms.What causes low MMA levels?Low MMA is the expected result and is not considered clinically significant.What causes high MMA levels?If your MMA and homocysteine levels are increased and your vitamin B12 level is mildly decreased, then an early or mild B12 deficiency may be present. There may be a lack of availability of B12 at the tissue level. If the homocysteine level is elevated and MMA is normal, a folate deficiency may be present. This is important because it is important to distinguish a B12 deficiency from a folate deficiency. Moderately to severely elevated levels of MMA may be seen in infants with the rare inherited disease methylmalonic acidemia.InstructionsNo advance preparation is required for this test.On the dayRemember to take your ID with you when going to take a test.

Monocytes What is it? Monocytes are a type of white blood cell and play a key role in the immune system. They are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream, where they help fight infections, remove damaged cells, and regulate inflammation. Monocytes usually make up about 2–8% of the total white blood cell count and are especially important in defending the body against long-term infections and autoimmune conditions. Why test B-Monocytes? A B-Monocyte blood test is used to assess immune system function and detect signs of infection, inflammation, autoimmune disease, or blood disorders. The test evaluates both the absolute number of monocytes and their proportion relative to other white blood cells and is commonly included in a complete blood count (CBC). When is the test needed? Persistent or chronic infections Suspected autoimmune or inflammatory disease Evaluation of blood diseases such as leukemia Assessment of bone marrow function Monitoring of immune system deficiencies Interpretation of results Elevated levels (monocytosis) May indicate ongoing or recovering infections, chronic inflammation, or autoimmune conditions. Common causes include viral or bacterial infections, inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or IBD, and certain types of leukemia. Low levels (monocytopenia) Can suggest impaired white blood cell production or a weakened immune system. Potential causes include bone marrow disorders, corticosteroid treatment, immune-suppressing infections such as HIV, nutritional deficiencies, or long-term stress. B-Monocyte analysis is often interpreted together with other white blood cell parameters to provide a complete picture of immune status and guide the diagnosis of infectious and inflammatory conditions.

Mustard allergy is an uncommon but potentially serious food allergy.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae – PCR Test (Throat Swab) For persistent cough, fever, or suspected atypical pneumonia What is this test? This test checks for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a type of bacteria that can cause respiratory infections – like long-lasting coughs, sore throat, or even pneumonia. The test is done with a simple throat swab and uses PCR technology, which is very accurate in detecting bacterial DNA. Results are usually delivered digitally within 1–2 working days. Why test for Mycoplasma pneumoniae? This bacterium is common, especially in children, teens, and young adults It spreads through coughing or sneezing Infections can be mild (like a sore throat or dry cough), or more serious (such as pneumonia or even heart inflammation) Because symptoms are often mild and not specific, a test is needed to confirm the diagnosis Knowing whether it’s Mycoplasma helps your doctor decide if antibiotics are needed How does the test work? A healthcare provider takes a swab from your throat The lab uses PCR to look for tiny traces of the bacteria’s genetic material The result tells you if the infection is active right now What does a negative result mean? The bacteria were not found in your throat at the time of testing You likely don’t have an active Mycoplasma infection However, if your symptoms have been going on for a while, it could mean the bacteria is already gone or that another germ is responsible What does a positive result mean? The bacteria was detected, meaning you likely have an active infection You may be given antibiotics, especially if you have symptoms like: Dry cough for more than a week Fever, sore throat, tiredness, or chest symptoms Treating early can help you feel better faster and prevent complications Who should take this test? You have had a persistent dry cough or fever for over a week You feel unwell but don’t know why You’ve been around someone sick – especially in schools, families, or healthcare settings You want to know for sure before starting or continuing other treatment

What is Myoglobulin?P-Myoglobin measures the level of myoglobin in the blood – an oxygen-binding protein found in the heart and skeletal muscles. When muscle tissue is damaged, myoglobin is released into the blood, making the test an early and sensitive marker for, for example, a heart attack or acute muscle injury. What is the myoglobulin test used for? The myoglobin test is particularly important in emergency care to quickly identify a heart attack before other markers such as troponin have time to rise. It is also used when there is suspicion of severe muscle damage or conditions such as rhabdomyolysis – a serious muscle breakdown that can damage the kidneys. What do the results meanWhat does elevated myoglobulin mean? High levels of myoglobin can indicate damage from a heart attack, trauma, severe physical exertion or muscle disease. When muscles break down, myoglobin leaks into the blood and can negatively affect kidney function in serious conditions. What does low myoglobulin mean?Low myoglobin values are normal and usually mean that there is no acute muscle damage. The test is mainly used to rule out or confirm serious muscle damage, not as a routine examination.InstructionsOn the day of the testRemember to take I.D. with you when going to take a test. Sit down for 15 minutes and rest before taking a test.

Neutrophil Granulocytes What is it? Neutrophil granulocytes are a type of white blood cell that serves as the body's first line of defense against infections. They account for 40–75% of all white blood cells and play a central role in the immune system by rapidly attacking bacteria, fungi, and other harmful microorganisms. Neutrophils are formed in the bone marrow and circulate in the blood, ready to be activated during infection or inflammation. Why test B-Neutrophil Granulocytes? A blood test for neutrophils is used to evaluate immune defense and to detect infections, inflammation, or bone marrow disorders. It is particularly important when investigating fever, susceptibility to infections, or blood-related diseases. The test also plays a role in monitoring patients undergoing chemotherapy or treatment with immunosuppressive drugs. When is the test relevant? Recurrent or long-lasting infections Fever without a clear cause Suspicion of blood disease or immune deficiency Monitoring during cancer treatment (chemotherapy or radiation) Investigation of fatigue, bruising, or weakness Interpretation of results High levels (neutrophilia) May indicate that the body is responding to infection or inflammation. Other possible causes include physical or emotional stress, smoking, cortisone therapy, or blood disorders like leukemia. Low levels (neutropenia) Suggest a weakened immune system and a higher risk of infection. Causes may include viral infections (such as influenza or HIV), bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency, or the effects of chemotherapy. Significantly abnormal values should be followed up with further diagnostic evaluation to determine the underlying cause and assess bone marrow function.

What is S-NSE? S-NSE is a blood test that measures the level of neuron-specific enolase, an enzyme found primarily in nerve cells and certain neuroendocrine tumor cells. Elevated levels may indicate nerve cell injury or the presence of cancers such as small cell lung cancer or neuroendocrine tumors, making it a valuable marker in both neurology and oncology. Why test for S-NSE? This test is recommended to: Support the diagnosis and monitoring of small cell lung cancer, where S-NSE levels often correlate with tumor burden Investigate neuroendocrine tumors like neuroblastoma or pheochromocytoma Assess nerve cell damage in conditions such as stroke, cardiac arrest with hypoxia, traumatic brain injury, or neurodegenerative diseases like ALS S-NSE can also be used to evaluate treatment response and disease progression in both cancer and neurological conditions. What do the results mean? S-NSE levels reflect either tumor activity or nerve cell damage. Rising levels may indicate disease progression, while declining levels often suggest effective treatment or recovery. However, since S-NSE is not entirely specific, results must always be interpreted alongside clinical context and other diagnostics. What does it mean if I have high S-NSE? Elevated S-NSE values (typically > 12.5 µg/L) are commonly seen in small cell lung cancer, neuroendocrine tumors, or in patients experiencing nerve cell damage due to events such as stroke, trauma, or oxygen deprivation. Very high levels at diagnosis may be associated with a worse prognosis in cancer. In neurology, raised S-NSE can signal acute injury or progression of degenerative disease. What does it mean if I have low S-NSE? Low or normal S-NSE levels suggest no significant nerve cell damage or tumor-related enolase activity. This is generally a good sign, but it does not completely exclude disease—especially in cases where tumor burden is low or where the tumor type does not release large amounts of NSE. Reference range: Normal: < 12.5 µg/L (may vary by lab) Elevated values require further evaluation and correlation with imaging, symptoms, and other test results. The S-NSE test is a valuable tool in the assessment of both neurological injury and neuroendocrine cancer, but it must always be interpreted as part of a broader diagnostic picture.

What is NT-ProBNP?Heart failure is a common and serious disease, especially in the elderly. NT-proBNP is a blood test that helps to detect heart failure early and is an important tool in the investigation of symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, or swelling. In heart failure, the pressure in the heart increases, which leads to the release of the hormone NT-proBNP into the blood. High levels indicate heart failure, while low values can practically rule out the diagnosis. This makes the test very useful for both quickly identifying and ruling out heart failure, which can reduce the need for more extensive examinations and prevent complications. Advantages of the NT-proBNP test1. Detects heart failure at an early stage. 2. Reduces the risk of misdiagnosis when combined with other clinical information.3. Can be used to follow up treatment for chronic heart . 4. High reliability – low values strongly suggest heart failure. Elevated NT-proBNP levels can also be seen in other heart problems such as angina, arrhythmias, valve or heart muscle diseases, as well as in cases of kidney, lung, or thyroid disease. Infections such as sepsis can also affect the value. Age, gender and body weight also play a role in interpretation. NT-proBNP is often used for unexplained shortness of breath and as support in the assessment of chronic heart problems. The test is always interpreted together with other examinations such as an ECG and your general health picture. You will be informed whether your value is within the normal range or whether further care is recommended. High NT-proBNP means: Your heart may be under stress or strain, often due to heart failure. It can also be elevated in: Acute coronary syndrome (heart attack or ischemia) Kidney disease Pulmonary embolism Atrial fibrillation Older age (levels naturally rise with age) Why? When the heart muscle stretches due to too much pressure or fluid, it releases NT-proBNP to help reduce blood volume and pressure. Low NT-proBNP means: It’s generally a good sign, suggesting your heart is not under significant stress. A low level can help rule out heart failure as a cause of symptoms like shortness of breath or fatigue. Note: Certain factors like obesity can lower NT-proBNP levels even if heart failure is present, so results are always interpreted in context.

What is the oak pollen allergy test and what does it show? This blood test measures IgE antibodies against oak pollen, which can cause seasonal allergies from mid-May to June, especially in southern Sweden. The test helps determine if your symptoms during this period are due to an allergic reaction to oak pollen. Why test for oak pollen allergy? This test is useful if you experience: Itchy or watery eyes Runny or blocked nose Breathing difficulties during late spring The test can help clarify the cause of your allergy symptoms when birch season has passed and can support accurate diagnosis and treatment. What do the results mean? High IgE levels – Suggest that your immune system is reacting to oak pollen. This supports the suspicion of an allergy, especially if symptoms match the timing. Low IgE levels – Makes an allergy to oak pollen less likely, but does not fully exclude it, especially if other allergies are present. Summary The Oak Pollen IgE Test is a helpful tool for anyone with allergy symptoms during late spring. It can confirm or rule out a reaction to oak pollen and guide effective treatment and symptom management.

Orosomucoid – Inflammation Marker for Long-Term Conditions Also known as α1-acid glycoprotein What is orosomucoid? Orosomucoid is a protein made by the liver when there’s inflammation in the body. It doesn’t rise quickly like CRP (C-reactive protein), but it’s more stable over time. This makes it useful for spotting long-term or low-grade inflammation – the kind you might not even notice but that can be linked to chronic diseases. Why test for orosomucoid? This blood test is helpful when your doctor wants to check for: Chronic inflammation (like in rheumatoid arthritis, lupus or Crohn’s disease) Liver problems Kidney damage, especially nephrotic syndrome Certain infections or even some types of cancer Recovery after surgery It’s especially useful when symptoms have lasted a while — such as ongoing fatigue, joint pain, or stomach issues — and other common tests haven’t explained them. What does a high orosomucoid result mean? An elevated level can suggest: Long-lasting inflammation in the body Infections (especially if they’ve been going on a while) Liver damage or cirrhosis Kidney conditions with protein loss Cancer or healing after surgery Because orosomucoid rises slowly, it can show disease activity that CRP might miss if inflammation isn’t recent. What does a low or normal result mean? Usually, a low level is a good sign – it means there’s no significant ongoing inflammation Very low levels may point to severe liver disease, where the liver can’t produce enough of this protein When is this test useful? If you’ve had unexplained symptoms like tiredness, pain or discomfort for a long time If you have a known autoimmune disease, and your doctor wants to track activity For monitoring inflammation in chronic illnesses or during long-term treatment To help check inflammation trends over time alongside other tests How does orosomucoid compare to CRP? CRP is great for spotting sudden, short-term inflammation (like in infections or injury) Orosomucoid is better at picking up slower, long-term inflammation or chronic disease activity

What is pancreas amylase?Amylase is a digestive enzyme predominantly made by your pancreas and salivary glands that helps your body break down carbohydrates. It is made in the pancreas and the glands that make saliva. When the pancreas is diseased or inflamed, it releases increased amounts of amylase into the blood. A test can be done to measure the level of this digestive enzyme in your blood. It can be normal to have some amylase in your blood and urine.  Having too much or too little may be a sign of problems with the pancreas or salivary glands or another condition.Why test pancreas amylase?SymptomsIf you have any symptoms related to low, or high pancreas amylase.Which lifestyle factors can cause low pancreas amylase?Low serum amylase has been reported in certain common cardiometabolic conditions such as obesity, diabetes (regardless of type), metabolic syndrome, and other conditions related to insulin resistance.What causes a high pancreas amylase?High serum amylase has been observed in individuals who exercise regularly, and in high-performance long-distance runners. Both smoking and fitness have a substantial impact on insulin action, so these results may be explained from the view of insulin sensitivityMore informationThere are many other reasons for low pancreas amylase, but we do not aim to diagnose or test for any health disorders. If your doctor suspects you have pancreatitis, he or she may order a blood lipase test, along with an amylase blood test. Lipase is another enzyme that the pancreas produces. Lipase tests are considered to be more accurate for diagnosing pancreatitis, especially when pancreatitis is caused by heavy drinking.InstructionsDo not drink alcohol for 24 hours before having an amylase blood or urine test. If you are having a blood test, you should fast (not eat or drink) for two hours before the test. On the day of the testRemember to take your ID with you when going to take a test.

What is paracetamol? Paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen) is a widely used over-the-counter medication for reducing pain and fever. While generally safe at recommended doses, it can become toxic to the liver when taken in excess or over long periods. In the liver, paracetamol is metabolized into a reactive byproduct (NAPQI), which can cause liver cell damage if not adequately neutralized by the body. Why test for paracetamol? This test is essential when an overdose is suspected or when there are concerns about liver strain during long-term use. It helps quickly assess whether blood levels of paracetamol are within a safe range. The test is particularly important in people with underlying liver disease, alcohol use, or those taking other liver-affecting medications. What do the results mean? Paracetamol levels in the blood indicate how much of the drug is currently circulating and whether it may pose a risk to the liver. A high value is a red flag for potential liver toxicity, while a low or normal value generally indicates safe use—but must be interpreted with context such as timing and symptom history. What does it mean if I have high paracetamol? High levels (typically >300 nmol/L) may indicate toxic exposure and require urgent medical evaluation. This could result from an intentional or accidental overdose, or from impaired liver function that reduces the body’s ability to clear the drug. Even moderately elevated levels can harm the liver, especially if additional risk factors are present. Prompt treatment with acetylcysteine is often needed to prevent damage. What does it mean if I have low paracetamol? Normal values (typically <33 nmol/L) suggest there is no immediate risk from the drug. However, in acute overdose situations, a low value may not rule out toxicity if the test is done many hours after ingestion. In chronic use, blood levels might remain within reference but still contribute to liver strain—so follow-up liver function tests (ALT, AST, PK-INR) may be necessary. Reference range: Normal: < 33 nmol/L Potentially toxic: > 300 nmol/L (depending on time since ingestion) Timely interpretation is critical. The paracetamol test helps prevent serious liver complications, especially in emergency situations or in patients on long-term treatment.

A hormone that regulates calcium levels in the body

What is the peanut allergy test and what does it show? This blood test measures IgE antibodies against peanut proteins, helping to determine if you have a peanut allergy. Peanut allergy is one of the most common and serious food allergies, and can cause reactions ranging from skin rashes and stomach upset to severe respiratory problems and even life-threatening anaphylaxis. Even trace amounts can trigger a response in highly sensitive individuals. Why test for peanut allergy? This test is useful if you: Have had allergic symptoms after eating peanuts or peanut-containing foods Are unsure whether you or your child react to peanuts Need a confirmed diagnosis before introducing or avoiding peanuts in the diet Have a family history of food allergies Want guidance on how to manage peanut exposure safely What do the results mean? High IgE levels – Indicate a likely peanut allergy. The level can also suggest the degree of sensitivity. Even low exposures may cause a reaction. Low or negative IgE levels – Reduce the likelihood of a peanut allergy, but do not completely rule it out. Results must always be interpreted in combination with your symptoms and medical history. Summary The Peanut Allergy IgE Test provides valuable insight into your immune system's reaction to peanuts. It can help confirm an allergy, estimate sensitivity, and guide how you should manage potential exposure in daily life. Diagnosis and treatment planning should always be done in consultation with a doctor or allergy specialist.

What is Pepsinogen A and what does the test show? Pepsinogen A is a substance produced in the stomach that is converted into pepsin, an important enzyme for protein digestion. This blood test measures levels of fS-Pepsinogen A to assess the condition of the gastric mucosa and the stomach’s ability to produce acid. It is particularly useful in detecting signs of chronic gastritis, gastric ulcers, Helicobacter pylori infection, and even stomach cancer risk. What do the results mean? Normal levels – Indicate a healthy gastric mucosa with no signs of inflammation or atrophy. Low levels – Suggest gastric mucosal atrophy (thinning of the stomach lining), commonly associated with chronic gastritis and potentially an increased risk of stomach cancer. High levels – May be linked to increased stomach acid production, and can be seen in rare conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. When is the test suitable? If you have upper abdominal discomfort, heartburn, or suspected gastritis In cases of previous or recurrent stomach ulcers If there is a history of long-term Helicobacter pylori infection If there’s a family history or genetic risk of stomach cancer When evaluating unexplained digestive symptoms that may be linked to stomach acid or mucosal damage Interpretation and limitations The Pepsinogen A test offers valuable insight into stomach health but should always be interpreted in the context of clinical symptoms, other test results, and possible H. pylori status. While it can support early detection of serious conditions like atrophic gastritis or gastric cancer, it is not a standalone diagnostic tool. About the analysis The blood sample is collected after fasting and analyzed using precise laboratory techniques such as ELISA or immunochemical methods. The analysis is performed twice a month with a typical result time of around 15 days. This test is a non-invasive way to evaluate stomach function and may be an important step toward early diagnosis and prevention of more serious gastrointestinal diseases.

What is PEth? Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is a direct biomarker that forms in the body only when alcohol has been consumed. Unlike breath or liver enzyme tests that reflect short-term effects, PEth provides a reliable picture of alcohol intake over the past 2–4 weeks. The more alcohol consumed, the higher the PEth level—making it one of the most specific and sensitive markers for detecting regular drinking. Why test for PEth? This test is ideal for anyone seeking an objective view of their alcohol use—whether for personal reflection, monitoring a sober period, or following a request from a doctor or employer. PEth helps identify risky consumption patterns that may not show up in traditional liver tests and can serve as a tool for motivation, accountability, or medical decision-making. What do the results mean? PEth levels reflect average alcohol intake over recent weeks. Low or undetectable levels suggest little to no alcohol consumption, while high values indicate consistent and potentially harmful use. The results should be interpreted in context, but clear thresholds make it possible to track habits over time or confirm abstinence. What does it mean if I have high PEth? High PEth levels (typically >0.3 µmol/L) point to risky alcohol consumption, with levels above 0.7 µmol/L indicating very high intake. These results are often associated with an increased risk of liver damage, heart disease, cognitive effects, and other alcohol-related health issues. A high PEth value suggests the need for lifestyle changes or further medical support. What does it mean if I have low PEth? Low or undetectable PEth values (<0.05 µmol/L) suggest no recent alcohol consumption or use at a very low, non-risky level. This can confirm abstinence, support recovery monitoring, or show that alcohol is not currently affecting your health. Reference range: < 0.05 µmol/L: No or low consumption 0.05–0.30 µmol/L: Moderate intake > 0.30 µmol/L: Risky use > 0.70 µmol/L: High intake with likely harmful effects The PEth test offers a private and evidence-based way to understand and track alcohol use over time. It empowers you to take control of your health and make informed, conscious choices.

What is potassium?Potassium is an electrolyte, which conducts electricity in the body, along with sodium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium.  Potassium is crucial to heart function and plays a key role in skeletal and smooth muscle contraction, making it important for normal digestive and muscular function.  A potassium test measures the amount of potassium in the blood and can help to determine whether your potassium levels are within normal limits.Why test potassium?Testing potassium is crucial to uncover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases early and take preventive measures. A diet low in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and beans, and high in sodium and processed foods can lead to potassium imbalances. Regular testing helps monitor changes in blood values as you make lifestyle changes and take supplements or medications. Additionally, certain drugs, such as NSAIDs, increase the need for potassium, making monitoring essential.What causes low potassium?Low potassium (hypokalaemia) can be caused by vomiting, diarrhoea, medications, such as corticosteroids, and certain health conditions. Decreased urinary potassium levels can be caused by drugs such as NSAIDs, beta-blockers and lithium, as well as by the adrenal glands producing too little aldosterone.What causes high potassium?High potassium levels (hyperkalemia) can be caused by a high intake of fruits and vegetables and by certain health conditions and medications. Diabetes, kidney disease, infection, and dehydration can all cause high serum potassium, as can potassium supplements and medicines like NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, and beta-blockers. Urine levels should also be considered. High urinary potassium can be caused by, among other things, kidney disease, eating disorders, and muscle damage.More informationA variety of circumstances can falsely elevate potassium. These include the way a test is collected and processed. Clenching and relaxing the fist during the test can falsely elevate potassium. Delaying blood samples or rough handling can cause potassium to leak from blood cells. A healthcare practitioner may suggest repeating the test if the results are out of range.Preparations for this testNo preparation is needed for this test.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when going to take a test. Arrive early and sit for 15 minutes before the test is taken. 

The S-Procalcitonin (PCT) test measures the level of procalcitonin in the blood—a substance that rises when there is a bacterial infection in the body.

What is progesterone?Progesterone is an important hormone, especially for women. It interacts with other hormones and affects fertility, metabolism, mood, and brain function.  Low progesterone can result in a relatively higher amount of estrogen to progesterone, often referred to as ‘progesterone deficiency and estrogen excess’.  Symptoms of deficiency include fatigue, weight gain, tender breasts, moodiness, mental and physical fatigue, and miscarriage. In men, deficiency is associated with hair loss and prostate cancer. Falling levels are normal as we age.For a more in-depth view of progesterone as well as other sex hormones and their metabolites, stress hormones and their metabolites, and melatonin, we recommend a dried urine (Dutch) test.Why test progesterone?Testing progesterone can help to diagnose problems related to reproductive health and menstrual regulation. If a miscarriage is suspected, a progesterone test can help confirm the diagnosis. Women experiencing menstrual problems, such as irregular periods, amenorrhea, headaches, mood swings, pain, sleep issues, sore breasts, and food cravings around the time of their period, can benefit from this test to identify underlying hormonal imbalances. Additionally, testing progesterone on day 21 of the menstrual cycle can determine if ovulation has occurred, which is crucial for those monitoring their fertility. What does the result mean?The results of progesterone tests need to be interpreted in the context of the reason for testing and the day of the woman’s menstrual cycle or stage of pregnancy. Progesterone usually rises around ovulation and for a few days afterwards. It continues to increase with pregnancy or drops to initiate menstruation.If progesterone levels do not rise and fall, a woman may not be ovulating or having periods. This may cause infertility.What causes low progesterone?Several things can cause low progesterone, including decreased ovarian function, amenorrhea, ectopic pregnancy, and recent/ongoing miscarriage. Progesterone is made from cholesterol which is converted into another substance called pregnenolone in the cells and then into progesterone.  Pregnenolone and progesterone can alternatively be converted into stress hormones, estrogen, and androgens, otherwise known as male sex hormones.  Factors including stress/perceived stress, abnormal hormone levels, and ageing can all shift these pathways out of balance.  Several things can cause low progesterone, including exercise, ageing, obesity, and menopause.Symptoms of low progesteroneLow progesterone levels can cause a range of symptoms, including irregular or missed menstrual cycles, spotting, and heavy bleeding. Women may also experience mood swings, increased anxiety, depression, fatigue, breast tenderness, frequent headaches or migraines, low libido, weight gain around the abdomen, infertility, and sleep disturbances. These symptoms underscore the importance of diagnosing and managing low progesterone levels to maintain reproductive health and overall well-being.What causes high progesterone?Ovarian cysts, non-viable pregnancy, overproduction of progesterone, and some health conditions can increase progesterone.Symptoms of high progesteroneHigh progesterone levels can cause various symptoms due to its effects on the body. These symptoms include persistent fatigue and low energy, abdominal bloating and discomfort, breast tenderness or swelling, and mood swings such as increased irritability, anxiety, or depression. Frequent headaches or migraines, dizziness, and weight gain, particularly in the abdominal area, are also common. More informationProgesterone levels will rise during pregnancies of multiples (e.g., twins). Taking hormones can affect the results of this test. High progesterone can also be caused by stress, caffeine, and smoking. Symptoms include low sex drive, feeling stressed, heavy periods, and depression.Preparations for this testDo not do this test if you are taking hormonal contraceptives, as they will render the results inaccurate.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when going to take a test.  If you are a menstruating woman, make a note of the day of your cycle on the day of the test.  This may be helpful later. Arrive early and sit down quietly for 15 minutes before the test is taken.  

What is prolactin?Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. The pituitary is a small organ at the base of the brain. Prolactin’s main function is to produce milk after childbirth. It is also linked with fertility, menstruation, fat metabolism, fluid regulation, and sexual satisfaction in both men and women. An abnormal level does not necessarily signify a problem if you have no symptoms.Why test prolactin?Prolactin testing is important for diagnosing various conditions, as elevated prolactin levels can lead to symptoms like unexplained breast milk flow, abnormal nipple discharge, absence of menstrual periods, infertility in women, and decreased libido or erectile dysfunction in men. It is included in fertility assessments and is often used as a follow-up test in men with low testosterone. Additionally, prolactin levels are monitored to detect the recurrence of prolactin-secreting tumours (prolactinomas).What do the results mean?Prolactin levels are normally low in men and non-pregnant women. Levels increase during pregnancy and in a variety of health conditions.What causes low prolactin levels?Prolactin levels are normally low in men and non-pregnant women. Low prolactin does not usually need medical treatment. Consult your doctor if your level is lower than the reference range. Consult a nutritionist for dietary and lifestyle advice.What causes high prolactin levels?High levels of prolactin are normal during pregnancy and whilst breastfeeding. High levels may also be associated with hypothyroidism, extreme exercise, birth control pills, pituitary tumours, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), eating disorders and a variety of health conditions. Stress can also temporarily increase prolactin, especially in men. We recommend sitting down for 15 minutes before testing prolactin.Other informationHigh levels of prolactin can lead to insulin resistance. Women of childbearing age tend to have higher prolactin levels than men, and the level varies with the menstrual cycle. Stress caused by illness, chest trauma, seizures, lung cancer, nipple stimulation, and marijuana use may mildly elevate prolactin.  Some medications elevate prolactin. These include estrogen, tricyclic antidepressants, risperidone, opiates, amphetamines, hypertension drugs (reserpine, verapamil, methyldopa), and medicines used to treat gastroesophageal reflux (cimetidine). Medications that can lower prolactin levels include dopamine, levodopa, and ergot alkaloid derivatives.Preparations for this testIf possible, avoid alcohol for the day before the test.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when going to take a test. Take this test before 10 am, as results can vary throughout the day. Arrive in good time and sit quietly for 15 minutes before taking the test.

What is a PSA (prostate-specific antigen) test?PSA - prostate-specific antigen – is a protein produced mainly by cells in the prostate.  It can be a useful indicator or prostate cancer. PSA is found in low amounts in all males. The PSA test is for men only.  It measures the levels of PSA in the blood. Should this test be positive, we can guide men (Stockholm only) to further testing in the public sector.  It is very important that anyone considering taking this test reads Socialstyrelsens riktlinjer first.Why test PSA?Screening 50+This test is often used as a screening tool for prostate cancer in men over 50 years old.Health historyYou have an increased risk of prostate cancer due to family or personal history.MonitoringMonitor a low value or track it over time as you make lifestyle changes or undergo treatments.What causes low PSA?A lower PSA can be a sign that you are at higher risk of prostate cancer, and you need to contact your doctor for a thorough check-up. According to the American Cancer Society, many doctors recommend a prostate biopsy for men whose percent-free PSA is 10% or less and advise men to consider a biopsy if it is between 10% to 25%. Nowadays there are advanced blood tests that can be used as a follow-up test in place of biopsy, if you are in Stockholm, our nutritionists can help you to find a clinic that can undertake this test for free.Long-term use of certain medications that contain Dutasteride and Finasteride (e.g. Propecia, Proscar, Avodart) can cause PSA values to drop by up to 50%. If you take such medications, write this in your notes or let us know.What causes high PSA?Hig PSA (greater than 3 ug/L) means that total PSA is higher than expected in the blood. There are several possible reasons for an elevated PSA level, including inflammation (prostatitis) and prostate cancer.There are several possible reasons for an elevated PSA level, including inflammation (prostatitis) and prostate cancer.  Older men and African American men tend to have higher PSA levels. A high serum PSA result does not alone automatically result in further interventions. Many other factors must be considered, including prostate size, age, family history, digital rectal examination findings, body weight, and health history.  A PSA test cannot diagnose prostate cancer.  InstructionsIf you are having a digital rectal exam, this test should be done first.  It should also be done before, or several weeks after a prostate biopsy as both can increase PSA levels.The day before the testDo not ejaculate for 24 hours before taking the test.On the day of the testRemember to take your ID with you when going to take a test.  Arrive early and sit down quietly for 15 minutes before the test is taken.

What is the ragweed pollen allergy test and what does it show? This blood test measures IgE antibodies against ragweed pollen, a common trigger of late summer allergies. Ragweed blooms from July to September, and symptoms typically worsen toward the end of the pollen season. Why test for ragweed allergy? The test is especially relevant if you experience: Itching or sneezing in late summer (August–September) Nasal congestion or runny nose after being outdoors Worsening allergy symptoms after the main pollen season Asthma-like symptoms during this time It can help confirm a late-season allergy and guide treatment and symptom management. What do the results mean? High IgE levels – Suggest an allergy to ragweed. Symptoms often include itching, sneezing, nasal congestion, and in some cases, asthma, especially in August–September. Low IgE levels – Makes ragweed allergy less likely, but the full allergy profile should still be considered. Summary The Ragweed Pollen IgE Test helps identify whether your late summer allergy symptoms are caused by ragweed. It provides useful information for more accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies at the end of the pollen season.

What is a red blood cell count?An RBC count is a blood test that measures how many red blood cells (RBCs) you have. RBCs contain hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen. How much oxygen your body tissues get depends on how many RBCs you have and how well they work.Why test red blood cells (WBC)?The test can help diagnose different kinds of anemia (low number of RBCs) and other conditions affecting red blood cells.Health checkDiscover factors for lifestyle diseases in time and do something about them.SymptomsA red blood count is often part of a routine check when you have diverse symptoms.MonitoringMonitor changes to your blood values as you make lifestyle changes or undergo treatments.What do the results mean?High and low values can each have several different causes, ranging from smoking to dehydration and tumours, and should be investigated by a doctor.What causes low levels of red blood cells?Low red blood cells can be caused by a number of factors, including missing certain vitamins or minerals in the diet because of not eating enough. Low iron levels in the blood. Major organ problems (including severe heart, lung, kidney, or liver disease), or red blood cells (RBCs) being destroyed by the body before they are replaced.What causes elevated red blood cells?A higher-than-usual level of red blood cells can be caused by a number of health conditions or health-related factors, including smoking, congenital heart disease, or dehydration (for example, from severe diarrhea).More InformationValues that are slightly outside the reference range can be normal. Reference ranges are not perfect and approximately 5% of healthy individuals may have results outside the reference range.InstructionsNo advance preparation is needed for this test.On the day of the test.Always take your ID with you when going for a test. Arrive early and sit down quietly for 15 minutes before the test is taken.

Erc(B)-RDW – Red Cell Distribution Width Erc(B)-RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width) is a blood test that analyzes the variation in size of red blood cells (erythrocytes). These cells are vital for transporting oxygen from the lungs to body tissues, and abnormal size variation can signal problems in blood formation or underlying health issues. This test is often combined with other blood markers for a complete blood status overview. Why analyze RDW? An elevated RDW value may indicate that red blood cells vary greatly in size, which can point to disturbances in blood cell production. The test is particularly useful for: Investigating anemia – including iron, B12 or folate deficiency anemia. Assessing blood disorders – such as thalassemia, hemolytic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Identifying bone marrow involvement – irregular cell sizes can indicate abnormal production. Evaluating nutritional status – RDW increases with iron, B12 or folate deficiency. RDW is typically interpreted alongside B-MCV (mean corpuscular volume), Rhemoglobin, and hematocrit to distinguish between types of anemia or abnormalities in red blood cell production. What does an elevated RDW mean? A high RDW value indicates a large variation in red blood cell size (anisocytosis), and may occur in: Iron deficiency or combined deficiencies (e.g. iron + B12/folate) Recovery from blood loss or anemia treatment Hemolytic anemia Bone marrow disorders What does a low or normal RDW mean? A normal RDW value suggests uniform red blood cell size, typical in healthy individuals or in some anemias (e.g. thalassemia minor). A low RDW is generally not clinically significant. When is the RDW test relevant? The RDW test may be recommended in cases of: Suspected anemia Fatigue, pallor, or dizziness Nutrient deficiency follow-up Unclear abnormalities in blood test results Analyzing RDW provides important insights into red blood cell development and can help identify nutritional deficiencies, blood disorders, or changes in bone marrow function.

Reticulocytes What is it? Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells recently released from the bone marrow. They are in the final stage of development into mature erythrocytes and still contain remnants of organelles—mainly ribosomal RNA—which allow them to complete hemoglobin production. Once fully matured, these remnants disappear, and the red blood cells become optimized for oxygen transport. Why test reticulocytes? The test measures the number or percentage of reticulocytes in the blood and is used to assess bone marrow function and red blood cell production. It is valuable in the evaluation of anemia, monitoring bone marrow recovery (e.g. after chemotherapy or bone marrow suppression), and determining the body’s response to treatment for iron, B12, or folate deficiency. What does a high value mean? A high reticulocyte count indicates active red blood cell production. This is typically seen after acute blood loss, in hemolytic anemia, or during recovery from anemia treatment. What does a low value mean? A low reticulocyte count suggests reduced red blood cell production, which may be due to bone marrow failure, chronic kidney disease, or deficiencies in iron, vitamin B12, or folate. Summary This test gives important insight into how well your bone marrow is functioning. It helps in diagnosing types of anemia and in monitoring recovery or treatment effectiveness.

What is rheumatoid factor?This test measures levels of rheumatoid factor antibodies. Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an autoantibody that is produced by the body’s immune system.  These antibodies attack the body’s own tissue. The presence of this antibody is indicative of inflammatory and autoimmune activity. It is used in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, often alongside ACPA antibodies (CCP).Why test rheumatoid factor?SymptomsIncluding pain, warmth, swelling, and joint stiffness. An RF test may be repeated when the first test is negative, and symptoms persist.Family historyYou have a family history of rheumatoid arthritis and/or concerns about developing it.Health historyYou have an autoimmune condition or a clinical picture that suggests a test may be useful.What do the results mean?What does a negative test mean?A negative RF test means that you do not have antibodies to rheumatoid factor, but it cannot rule out rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a clinical diagnosis made by considering symptoms in conjunction with tests.Around 20% of those with RA will have no detectable RF or very low levels. A CCP antibody test can help to complete the picture and determine whether someone has RA or not. We recommend that those who have symptoms take both tests together.What does a positive test mean?A positive RF test means that you have antibodies to rheumatoid factor. The rheumatoid factor test is looked at together with other lab tests and a person's signs, symptoms, and clinical history. RF is not diagnostic of RA. However, it is present in 70%-90% of patients who have RA.In those who have clinical signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, significant concentrations of rheumatoid factor indicate a high likelihood of RA.More informationThe rheumatoid factor (RF) test is primarily used to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to help distinguish RA from other forms of arthritis or other conditions that cause similar symptoms.Diagnosis of RA relies heavily on the clinical picture, i.e. the signs and symptoms of the disease.  However, some may not be present or follow a typical pattern, especially early in the disease. They may not always be clearly identifiable, since people with RA may also have other disorders, as it is common to have autoantibodies against several tissues. The RF test is one tool among others that can be used to help make a diagnosis when RA is suspected.Rheumatoid factor is the most common test for rheumatoid arthritis, although it has been supplemented (and sometimes replaced) by the newer ACP antibody test (ACPA).  A 2012 study concluded that ‘individuals in the general population with elevated rheumatoid factor have up to 26-fold greater long- term risk of rheumatoid arthritis, and up to 32% 10-year absolute risk of rheumatoid arthritis. These novel findings may lead to the revision of guidelines for early referral to a rheumatologist and early arthritis clinics based on rheumatoid factor testing.Rheumatoid factor can occur in several forms, but the form IgM has proven to have the highest sensitivity in people of European origin * and is found in 60-80% of people with rheumatoid arthritis in the group.InstructionsNo advance preparation is needed for this test.On the day of the testRemember to take I.D. with you when going to take a test.Arrive early and sit down quietly for 15 minutes before the test is taken.

S-Antitrypsin, also known as alpha-1-antitrypsin, is a protein produced in the liver that plays a vital role in protecting lung tissue from damage caused by enzymes like neutrophil elastase. Low levels of this protein may indicate a hereditary deficiency that increases the risk of lung diseases such as COPD and emphysema, as well as liver damage. Why test for S-Antitrypsin? This test is recommended if you: Have early or unexplained COPD, especially if you’ve never smoked. Experience recurring respiratory infections or shortness of breath. Show elevated liver enzymes or signs of liver disease without a clear cause. Have a family history of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Want to assess your genetic risk if you are a smoker or have chronic lung issues. It can also support the diagnosis of certain inflammatory or autoimmune conditions. What do the results mean? Result What it may indicate Low May signal alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, liver dysfunction, or protein loss through the kidneys (e.g., in nephrotic syndrome).→ If confirmed, genetic testing (SERPINA1 gene) is often recommended. High Can be seen in inflammation, infection, pregnancy, or during estrogen treatment. Normal Indicates a sufficient level of alpha-1-antitrypsin, lowering the likelihood of a genetic deficiency.   Who should consider this test? Individuals with chronic cough or shortness of breath. Patients diagnosed with COPD or emphysema without a known cause (such as smoking). Those with liver problems or unexplained liver enzyme changes. Anyone with a family history of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Smokers who want to understand their hereditary risk of developing serious lung disease.

What is Sedimentation Rate? ESR is an indirect measure of inflammation in the body. The test measures the sedimentation rate (fall) of red blood cells in the blood. After the test, the mm of clear plasma at the top of the column after one hour is counted. Red cells usually fall slowly, leaving very little clear plasma. Increased blood protein levels (such as fibrinogen or immunoglobulins, which increase when there is inflammation) causes the red blood cells to drop quickly, which increases the sedimentation rate.Why test sedimentation rate?An SR test may be relevant if you have symptoms of inflammation.What causes a low sedimentation rate?Low ESR is usually clinically insignificant. It can also be caused by extremely high white blood cells (leucocytosis), and some protein abnormalities.What causes a high sedimentation rate?Very high ESR is usually caused by something obvious, like an infection. Moderately high levels can be caused by inflammation, kidney problems, anemia, infection, old age, and pregnancy. More informationAge, high or low protein intake, and medications can affect urea levels. Your doctor may monitor your urea and creatinine levels if you take certain medicinesPreparations for the testNo preparation is needed for this blood test On the day of the testAlways take ID with you when going to take a test. 

What is the selenium test and what does it show? The Selenium blood test is a blood test that measures the level of selenium, an essential trace element, in the bloodstream. Selenium plays a vital role in antioxidant defense, immune function, fertility, and thyroid hormone regulation. It is a key component of selenoproteins—enzymes that protect cells from oxidative damage and support metabolic balance, particularly in the thyroid. This test is primarily used to detect selenium deficiency and to monitor selenium levels in people with increased nutritional or metabolic needs. What do the results mean? Normal selenium levels – Suggest adequate antioxidant capacity and balanced thyroid support. Low selenium levels – May indicate dietary deficiency, malabsorption (e.g. in inflammatory bowel disease), or increased oxidative stress. Low selenium can impair thyroid hormone conversion, potentially leading to symptoms such as fatigue, brain fog, cold sensitivity, and weight gain, even if TSH and T4 appear normal. High selenium levels – May occur with excess supplementation and, if sustained, could lead to symptoms of selenium toxicity, such as gastrointestinal upset, hair loss, or nervous system effects. When is the test suitable? In cases of suspected selenium deficiency due to poor diet, malabsorption, or chronic illness As part of a broader thyroid evaluation, particularly in hypothyroidism or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis When monitoring selenium supplementation To assess antioxidant status in chronic inflammation or autoimmune disease In individuals with fatigue, cognitive symptoms, or thyroid-related concerns despite normal thyroid hormone levels Interpretation and limitations Selenium status can influence thyroid hormone activity, especially the conversion of T4 to the active hormone T3 via the enzyme deiodinase. Low selenium may contribute to or exacerbate symptoms of thyroid dysfunction and has been associated with higher TPO antibody levels in autoimmune thyroid disease. Interpretation of selenium levels should be done in combination with TSH, T3, T4, and clinical symptoms. High selenium levels are rare but can occur with unsupervised supplementation.  

What is serum iron?Iron is an essential nutrient that is required for healthy red blood cell production.  A serum iron test measures the amount of iron in the blood. It is used alongside other iron tests to obtain a picture of your iron status.  Dietary and lifestyle changes can be helpful for both low and high levels of iron.Why test serum iron?A diet low in iron, vitamin B12, and folate, especially for those who avoid meat and seafood, increases the risk of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). Regular health checks can identify the risk of anemia, iron deficiency, and haemochromatosis. Monitoring blood values is particularly important for those with a history of anemia or excess iron. Heavy periods and pregnancy can increase this risk. Athletes need iron for muscle function and energy. Low iron symptoms include fatigue, rapid heart rate, dizziness, and insomnia, while high iron can cause joint pain, liver disease, and irregular heart rhythm. Some medications, like hydrocortisone or antacids, increase iron needs.  What causes low serum iron?Serum iron results must be interpreted alongside other test results.  A low blood iron level is often caused by iron deficiency anemia (IDA), especially if transferrin or TIBC is high and transferrin saturation is low.  Underlying causes include low stomach acid, low iron intake, and microscopic bleeding. Some long-term diseases cause low iron alongside low transferrin or TIBC.What causes high serum iron?The most common cause is hereditary hemochromatosis. Ingesting high amounts of iron can also cause high iron levels. Other reasons include multiple blood transfusions, viral infections, iron injections, iron conversion problems, lead poisoning, liver disease, and kidney disease.Symptoms of high serum ironSymptoms of high serum iron include fatigue, joint pain, abdominal pain, liver disease, irregular heart rhythm, and changes in skin color. High serum iron can also lead to symptoms such as weakness, weight loss, and in severe cases, organ damage. If you suspect high serum iron levels, consulting a healthcare provider for appropriate testing and management is essential.Preparations for this test If you take iron supplements, avoid them for 24 hours before doing this test.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when taking a test. Take this test before 10 am. Results can fluctuate throughout the day. If you are a woman who has menstrual cycles it can be helpful to note down the day of your cycle.  

What is sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG)?Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is a protein produced by the liver that binds tightly to the hormones testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and Estradiol (a type of estrogen). SHBG transports these hormones in the blood as biologically inactive forms. This test measures the level of SHBG in the blood and is most often used to help evaluate testosterone deficiency or excess.When your SHBG levels are high, your body has fewer free sex hormones at its disposal, decreasing their effects. When SHBG is low your body has more free sex hormones at its disposal. SHBG transports these hormones in the blood as biologically inactive forms.Why test sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG)?Unless this is ordered as a retest or for a specific reason, we recommend ordering this as part of a health test.SymptomsIf you have signs and/or symptoms of having too much or too little testosterone. This test is valuable for suspected low testosterone in men, as well as for women with signs of excess androgens.What causes low SHBG?A low SHGB indicates that more total testosterone is unbound (bioactive) and available to the tissues than the total testosterone level test suggests. Men typically have lower SHBG levels than women. It is important to consider the results of this test in the context of other tests and the clinical picture. SHBG can be important in determining whether someone has a hormone problem. The following may lower SHBG: high insulin levels, obesity, high prolactin levels, inflammation, hypothyroidism, Cushing Disease (abnormally high levels of cortisol), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, acromegaly, (too much growth hormone in adults), androgen steroid use, and genetic factors.In men, low SHBG often means high free testosterone, which can lead to symptoms like fluid retention, acne, increased appetite, weight gain, muscle mass, and mood swings. Excess estrogen in men can cause erectile dysfunction and larger breast tissue.In women, low SHBG can lead to too much available testosterone, and this can result in weight gain, excess facial and body hair, acne, mood swings, and menstrual changes. Too much available estrogen can lead to irregular periods, mood swings, bloating, and breast tenderness.Women with PCOS may have low SHBG levels and tend to have insulin resistance, be overweight, and have excess androgen production.What causes high SHBG?A high SHGB indicates that less total testosterone is unbound bioactive and available to the tissues than the total testosterone level test suggests. High SHGB levels decrease the effects of sex hormones available in the body (especially testosterone) by binding to them. SHBG reduces the availability of testosterone, so some people may wish to lower their SHBG levels. SHBG can be important in determining whether someone has a hormone problem. A man’s SHBG level usually increases with age as his testosterone levels drop.SHBG can be important in determining whether someone has a hormone problem. Liver conditions, hyperthyroidism and raised T3 and/or T4, eating disorders, HRT, decreased sex hormone production, pregnancy, growth hormone deficiency, alcohol consumption, smoking, and Alzheimer’s disease can all increase SHBG levels.More informationIn men, about 45% to 65% of testosterone in the blood is normally bound to SHBG, with the remainder weakly and reversibly bound to albumin (the main protein in the blood). Only about 2% to 3% of testosterone is immediately available to the tissues as free testosterone.  Testosterone that is weakly bound to albumin is also bioavailable and can be readily taken up by the body's tissues.In women, slightly more testosterone (66% to 78%) is bound to SHBG.  In women, SHBG plays an integral role in regulating the levels of bioavailable male sex hormones (androgens) and estrogens circulating throughout the body.  As SHBG has a higher affinity for the androgens testosterone and DHT, women with low SHBG may have signs and symptoms related to androgen excess.A total testosterone test does not distinguish between bound and unbound testosterone but determines the overall quantity of testosterone. In many cases, this is sufficient to evaluate excess or deficient testosterone production. However, if a person's SHBG level is not normal, then the total testosterone may be an inaccurate representation of the amount of testosterone that is available to the person's tissues. An SHBG test may be performed when a person's signs and symptoms do not correlate with the results of a total testosterone test.InstructionsNo advance preparation is needed for this test. On the day of the testRemember to take I.D. with you when going to take a test. Do not work out before going to do this test, as this may affect your results. Arrive early and sit down quietly before taking this test.  

What is sodium?Sodium is an electrolyte that is present in all body fluids.  The highest concentration is found in the blood.  Sodium is essential for normal body function and, along with potassium and calcium, helps cells to work properly and to regulate the amount of fluid in the body.Sodium is essential for a number of body functions, including muscle and nerve function. Most people get sufficient (or excess) dietary sodium from the foods they eat. The body tries to keep blood sodium levels strictly balanced with the help of mechanisms including hormonal regulation that prevents dehydration and triggering thirst if sodium levels are slightly low.A sodium blood test measures the level of sodium in the blood.  This test can help to evaluate electrolyte balance and determine whether your sodium is within normal limits.  Urine levels should also be considered.Why test sodium?Discover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to do something about them.Testing sodium is essential for managing health risks related to diet and lifestyle. High intake of processed foods, sodium, and alcohol can disrupt sodium balance. Regular testing monitors changes as you adjust your lifestyle or take supplements and medications. It's also important if you experience dehydration, high blood pressure, or oedema. For athletes, maintaining electrolyte balance, including sodium, is crucial for performance.What causes low sodium?Hyponatremia can have many different causes. The most common cause of low sodium in otherwise healthy people is sodium loss (for example diarrhoea, excessive sweating, diuretics, oedema, endurance exercise, adrenal problems, excess water intake, and certain medications).Low sodium levels are more common in the elderly. Serious health conditions associated with low sodium include heart failure, liver cirrhosis, kidney damage, and blood loss.Symptoms of low sodiumSymptoms of low sodium, or hyponatremia, include headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, fatigue, muscle weakness, cramps, irritability, and in severe cases, seizures, coma, or death. These symptoms result from the imbalance of electrolytes affecting the body's fluid balance and nerve function.What causes high sodium?Known as hypernatremia, a high blood sodium level is nearly always caused by dehydration (not replacing lost water with sufficient water. Rarely, it is caused by increasing salt intake without enough water.Other reasons include Cushing syndrome and a condition caused by too little ADH called diabetes insipidus. Urine levels should also be considered. There are several reasons for decreased urinary sodium including dehydration, and heart, kidney, and liver problems.Symptoms of high sodium Symptoms of high sodium, or hypernatremia, include extreme thirst, confusion, muscle twitching, restlessness, irritability, and in severe cases, seizures, coma, or death. These symptoms result from dehydration and the body's efforts to balance electrolytes. More information Some drugs can increase sodium levels. These include anabolic steroids, antibiotics, corticosteroids, laxatives, cough medicines, and oral contraceptives. Drugs that can decrease sodium levels include ACE inhibitors, diuretics, carbamazepine, heparin, and tricyclic antidepressants. Preparations for this test No preparation is needed for this test. On the day of the test Always take I.D. with you when going to take a test. Arrive early and sit for 15 minutes before the test is taken.  

Growth Hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin, is a vital hormone produced by the pituitary gland. It plays a central role in regulating physical growth, muscle development, cell regeneration, and metabolic balance. GH’s actions are largely mediated through IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1), a hormone produced in the liver and other tissues in response to GH stimulation. Together, GH and IGF-1 form a powerful hormonal duo essential for growth and health across the lifespan. Why Test GH and IGF-1? Testing GH and IGF-1 offers critical insights into your hormonal balance, especially if you are experiencing symptoms related to abnormal growth, fatigue, or changes in body composition. These tests are particularly relevant for: 1. Growth Disorders in Children and Adolescents Low GH levels can explain delayed growth or short stature. High levels may suggest excessive growth, as seen in conditions like gigantism. 2. Suspected Hormonal Imbalance in Adults Hormonal changes affecting muscle mass, fat distribution, energy levels, and bone density may be linked to GH/IGF-1 imbalances. 3. Monitoring GH Therapy For individuals undergoing GH treatment, especially in cases of GH deficiency, testing helps ensure the correct dose and treatment effect. 4. Assessing Regeneration and Aging Since GH and IGF-1 are involved in tissue repair and renewal, they are relevant biomarkers in recovery, anti-aging strategies, and metabolic health. What Do the Results Mean? What does Low Growth Hormone / Low IGF-1 Signify? Low GH or IGF-1 levels may indicate: Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) – often due to pituitary dysfunction. Hypopituitarism – reduced hormone production from the pituitary gland. Normal aging – GH levels naturally decline with age. Poor liver function – affects IGF-1 production. Chronic illness or malnutrition – can suppress GH-IGF-1 signaling. Symptoms may include: Fatigue Loss of muscle mass Increased body fat (especially abdominal) Decreased bone density Mood changes and poor concentration Delayed growth in children What does High Growth Hormone / High IGF-1 Signify? Elevated GH or IGF-1 levels may suggest: Acromegaly – a rare condition usually caused by a benign pituitary tumor (adenoma) in adults, leading to abnormal tissue growth (hands, face, organs). Gigantism – excessive growth in height in children and adolescents due to GH overproduction before the growth plates close. GH overdose – in patients undergoing GH therapy. Symptoms may include: Enlarged hands, feet, or facial features Joint pain Headaches Vision problems Excessive sweating Sleep disturbances Increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease Summary: Why GH and IGF-1 Matter GH and IGF-1 are not only critical during childhood and adolescence – they remain important for adult health, influencing energy, metabolism, tissue repair, and body composition. Testing these hormones can uncover hidden imbalances, support the diagnosis of endocrine disorders, or guide personalized treatment plans for recovery, aging, or hormone optimization. When in doubt, consult a healthcare provider to interpret GH and IGF-1 results in the context of your symptoms, medical history, and other lab findings. Hormones are part of a larger network – and GH is one of its most powerful drivers.

Soy is a common ingredient in many foods like meat substitutes, dairy products, sauces, and ready meals. A soy allergy means your immune system reacts to proteins in soybeans, which can trigger symptoms ranging from mild skin issues to serious allergic reactions. This test measures IgE antibodies in your blood to find out whether your body is reacting allergically to soy. Why take the test? The test is recommended if you: Experience symptoms after eating soy-containing foods, such as tofu, soy milk, or processed foods Have had swelling, rashes, stomach problems, or breathing issues with unclear cause Want to confirm a suspected soy allergy and get clear guidance on how to manage it Need to assess cross-reactions, as soy is related to other legumes like peanuts and lentils What do the results mean? High IgE levels – Suggest a likely soy allergy. You may need to avoid foods containing soy and get dietary advice from a healthcare professional. Low IgE levels – Make a soy allergy less likely, but don’t completely rule it out. If symptoms persist, further evaluation is recommended.

SR – A Simple Blood Test for Detecting Inflammation What is SR? SR (sedimentation rate) is a traditional blood test that measures how quickly red blood cells sink to the bottom of a test tube. The faster they sink, the more likely it is that there’s inflammation in the body. It doesn’t point to a specific illness but can show that something may be wrong. SR is especially useful in detecting or monitoring conditions like arthritis, infections, and autoimmune diseases. Why test SR? The test is used to: Screen for signs of inflammation or infection Help investigate unexplained symptoms such as fatigue, pain, or fever Monitor chronic inflammatory conditions, like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus What does a low SR value mean? A low SR value is usually considered normal and suggests that there’s no active inflammation at the moment. What does a high SR value mean? An elevated SR can indicate: Inflammation in the body Ongoing infection Tissue damage Autoimmune disease In some cases, cancer It’s important to remember that SR is a non-specific test, so more testing is often needed to find the exact cause of the inflammation.

What is the Stockholm3 test? Stockholm3 is an advanced blood test that provides a personalized risk assessment for clinically significant prostate cancer. It combines traditional biomarkers like total and free PSA with novel protein markers (e.g., hK2, MSMB, MIC1), more than 100 genetic markers, and clinical information such as age, family history, and previous biopsies. The result is presented as a Stockholm3 Risk Score, indicating the probability of having a form of prostate cancer that requires treatment. Why choose the Stockholm3 test? Unlike the standard PSA test, which only measures PSA levels, Stockholm3 delivers a more accurate and nuanced risk profile. It helps to: Detect aggressive prostate cancer earlier Avoid unnecessary biopsies in men with a low risk of prostate cancer. Offer personalized follow-up recommendations based on the individual risk score Studies show that Stockholm3 can identify twice as many serious cancers as PSA alone, while halving the number of unnecessary biopsies. What do the results mean? The Stockholm3 result includes two components: Risk Score – the estimated percentage risk of having clinically significant prostate cancer (ISUP grade ≥ 2) Recommendation – guidance for next steps, such as monitoring, imaging, or biopsy What does it mean if I have a low result? A Stockholm3 Risk Score of 0–3% indicates very low risk. Nearly half of men fall into this category. In most cases, no follow-up is needed for up to six years, which reduces unnecessary procedures and offers peace of mind. What does it mean if I have a high result? A Stockholm3 Risk Score above 10% indicates an increased risk of having prostate cancer that requires treatment. At scores above 30%, the risk is high, and further evaluation with MRI or biopsy is strongly recommended. The test may also factor in prostate volume for greater precision in the recommendation. Reference ranges and interpretation: Low risk (0–3%): No follow-up needed for several years Normal risk (4–10%): Doctor evaluates need for monitoring Increased risk (11–29%): MRI or biopsy may be recommended depending on prostate volume High risk (≥ 30%): Strong recommendation for imaging and biopsy When is the test relevant? Stockholm3 is especially recommended for men aged 45–75 who: Have a family history of prostate cancer Experience urinary or prostate symptoms Want a more accurate assessment than PSA Are seeking preventive screening Practical notes: Before testing, you'll answer questions about age, family history, medications, and any previous biopsies. This information is used to personalize your risk assessment using the Stockholm3 algorithm.

This test measures IgM and IgG antibodies to Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis—a sexually transmitted infection (STI).

This blood test checks for IgM and IgG antibodies against the TBE virus (tick-borne encephalitis).

What is testosterone?Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone. It is produced mainly by the testicles, but also by the adrenal glands, and is responsible for male physical characteristics. Although it is considered to be a "male" sex hormone, it is important for women’s health, too.  Testosterone testing is used to diagnose several conditions in men, women, girls, and boys.Why test testosterone? Testing testosterone is crucial as it plays a key role in muscle growth, fat loss, and athletic performance. In men, low testosterone can cause decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction, infertility, and pubertal issues. In women, low testosterone can lead to irregular menstruation, infertility, endometriosis, low voice, unwanted hair growth, increased body fat, sleep problems, and decreased motivation. Additionally, monitoring testosterone levels helps track changes in blood values due to lifestyle modifications or supplementation.What causes low testosterone?Ageing, heavy drinking, stress, sleep problems, high consumption of processed foods, obesity, inflammation (IL-6), and prostaglandins A1, A2, and E2), soy-phytoestrogens and broad beans can all lower testosterone, as can certain health conditions, like severe hypothyroidism, sleep apnea, cirrhosis of the liver, chronic kidney failure and some drugs, such as statins and chemotherapy.What causes high testosterone?High testosterone levels in males can indicate testicular tumours. Increased testosterone in boys is usually the cause of early puberty. In women, elevated testosterone can indicate polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or an ovarian or adrenal gland tumour.Preparations for this testDo not eat for 10-12 hours before taking this test.  Go to bed at the normal time today.On the dayTake this test before 10:00 a.m. Testosterone varies during the day.  Always take your I.D. when going to take a test.  If you take medication that does not need to be taken in the early am, take it after doing your blood test. Thyroxine should always be taken after your blood draw.  

Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small cell fragments in the blood that help stop bleeding. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets are activated and help form a clot to seal the wound. The TPK test measures the number of platelets in your blood and is an important part of a full blood count. Why test B-Platelets (TPK)? This test is recommended to: Check your clotting ability if you bleed easily or bruise easily. Investigate signs of blood clots. Evaluate inflammation, bone marrow function, or blood diseases. Monitor treatment with medications like chemotherapy or drugs that affect the immune system or bone marrow. A TPK test helps detect a variety of conditions and can show whether further tests or treatment are needed. What do the results mean? Result What it may suggest High value(Thrombocytosis) May be caused by inflammation, infection, iron deficiency, or a blood disorder such as essential thrombocythemia. A temporary increase can occur after surgery or blood loss. Persistently high levels may increase the risk of blood clots. Low value(Thrombocytopenia) Often seen with viral infections, autoimmune diseases (e.g., ITP), bone marrow disorders, or vitamin B12/folic acid deficiency. Low values can increase the risk of easy bruising, nosebleeds, and prolonged bleeding.   When should you take the TPK test? The test is useful if you have: Frequent nosebleeds or bleeding gums Easy bruising Heavy periods or unexplained bleeding Symptoms of a blood clot, like swelling or pain in the leg Are undergoing treatment with medications that affect blood or immune function Are being monitored for a condition that impacts blood cell production  

Information about thyroglobulin antibodies What are thyroglobulin antibodies?Thyroglobulin is a precursor to the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) and stores these hormones in the thyroid gland. Elevated thyroglobulin antibodies are ​​seen in persons with hyperthyroidism and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis (thyroid inflammation and hypothyroid). This test measures levels of thyroglobulin.  This is tested to help diagnose and monitor autoimmune thyroid diseases, to distinguish these from other forms of thyroid disease, and to help guide treatment decisions.Why test thyroglobulin antibodies?Thyroid disorder You have a thyroid disorder and want to determine whether you also have an autoimmune disease, or to monitor your antibody levels.SymptomsYou have symptoms of a thyroid disorder, even if your results are within the normal range.PregnancyTwenty percent of pregnant women have elevated antibodies without knowing about it, according to the American Thyroid Association.Health checkDiscover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to do something about them.Health historyYou have a personal or family history of thyroid disorders.What does a negative thyroid antibody test mean?A negative test result means that at the time of testing, thyroglobulin antibodies were not present in the sample or were present in levels that are not considered clinically significant.  Some people who have autoimmune thyroid disease do not produce autoantibodies. We recommend that you test all relevant thyroid markers for a full picture. Repeat testing at a later date can be done if symptoms persist.Common symptoms of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) include fatigue, feeling cold, often cold hands, feet, and the tip of the nose, constipation, dry skin, weight gain or difficulty losing weight, puffy face, hoarseness, muscle weakness, stiff and achy muscles, slowed heart rate, dry and thinning hair, poor memory, and depression.What does a positive thyroid antibody test mean?This means that thyroglobulin antibodies were found in your sample. This may indicate an autoimmune thyroid disorder. TG antibodies, together with TPO antibodies are often used to diagnose an autoimmune thyroid disorder called Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, the most common cause of underactive thyroid function. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is mainly associated with symptoms of low thyroid (hypothyroidism). TSH is normally high and T3 and T4 are often normal to low. Graves’ disease, on the other hand, is usually associated with symptoms of overactive thyroid, where TSH is low and T3 and T4 are normal to high.   Common symptoms of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) include fatigue, feeling cold, often cold hands, feet, and tip of the nose, constipation, dry skin, weight gain or difficulty losing weight, puffy face, hoarseness, muscle weakness, stiff and achy muscles, slowed heart rate, dry and thinning hair, poor memory, and depression. InstructionsNo advance preparation is required for this test.  Remember to take ID. with you when going to take a test.

What is cholesterol?Cholesterol is a steroid that is essential for life and good health. Cell membranes in all our tissues and organs are made of cholesterol and cholesterol is also used to produce hormones and form bile acids required to absorb nutrients from food. Cholesterol circulates in the blood, inside lipoprotein particles. This test measures the total amount of cholesterol in the blood.Why test cholesterol? Testing cholesterol is important to discover risk factors for lifestyle diseases early, enabling timely intervention. A family history of cardiovascular disease, especially at a young age, increases the risk of heart disease. Additionally, a personal history of heart attack, stroke, or high cholesterol necessitates regular cholesterol monitoring to manage and reduce these risks. What do the results mean? Maintaining healthy cholesterol levels is essential for good health.  Foods high in trans fats and excess saturated fats increase cholesterol levels and can negatively impact your health.What causes low cholesterol?If you have low cholesterol, you have less circulating cholesterol than expected. The body needs cholesterol for hormone production (e.g. vitamin D) and to produce substances needed to digest foods. Some studies have found that low cholesterol increases anxiety and depression risk. The association of low cholesterol with any health condition is still under debate.Low cholesterol may also be associated with some cancers, but such an association does not mean that low cholesterol causes cancer. In pregnant women, low cholesterol may increase the risk of premature birth, or low birth weight.Symptoms of low cholesterolSymptoms of low cholesterol can include fatigue, depression, anxiety, mood swings, cognitive issues such as memory loss or confusion, and an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke. Low cholesterol can also affect hormone production, potentially leading to fertility and sexual issues. What causes high cholesterol?High levels of saturated fat in the diet can increase blood cholesterol, especially in obese individuals. Other factors include smoking, lack of exercise, stress, and genetics. Systemic chronic inflammation also raises cholesterol - and high cholesterol can induce inflammation. Familial hypercholesterolemia is a disease caused by mutations that affect the clearance of LDL cholesterol from the body and can thus increase LDL cholesterol levels.Finally, hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland), poor metabolism and the use of fats, early-stage diabetes, insulin resistance, and kidney problems can both increase cholesterol levels. Both naturally randomized genetic studies and randomized intervention trials consistently demonstrate that healthy cholesterol levels reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke and help to maintain a healthy heart. The more Apo B-containing lipoproteins, such as LDL, that are circulating in the blood, the higher the risk of heart disease.Symptoms of high cholesterolHigh cholesterol often has no symptoms, but it can lead to serious conditions over time. It can cause the development of fatty deposits in blood vessels, which may lead to atherosclerosis, resulting in reduced blood flow. This can cause chest pain (angina), heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. In rare cases, high cholesterol can cause xanthomas, which are fatty deposits that develop under the skin.Preparations for this testAlways take your ID with you when going to take a test.

What is Total T3 (TT3)?T3 (triiodothyronine) is a thyroid hormone produced directly by the thyroid and by the conversion of another thyroid hormone known as T4 (thyroxin). Together, T3 and T4 regulate your body temperature, metabolism, and heart rate.Most of your T3 is attached to proteins.  The part that is bound to proteins is known as Total T3 (TT3). This is the part that is tested here.  T3, both total and free, is measured to detect a problem with your thyroid hormones.Why test TT3?Unless this is ordered as a retest or for a specific reason, we recommend ordering this as part of a health test.Health checkDiscover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to do something about them.Full thyroid panelTT3 is an important marker included in a complete Thyroid Panel.SymptomsThyroid disorder can present symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, sleeping problems, increased sensitivity to heat or cold, weight loss or gain, dry or puffy skin, hair loss, increased heart rate, or constipation.MonitoringTo monitor an existing thyroid condition as you make changes to your diet or take medication.  You can send your results to your doctor.What do the results mean?Thyroid tests cannot be interpreted individually.  They must be interpreted considering your other thyroid test results and preferably medical history.  A normal T3 suggests that you are producing enough T4 and converting it adequately to T3. However, this alone does not rule out thyroid problems. If you still have symptoms and your TSH, free T4, and free T3 are normal, we recommend testing your thyroid antibodies.What causes low total T3 levels?Low total T3 means that you have less T3 than expected. This may be because the thyroid is having trouble producing T3 and/or converting the primary thyroid hormone T4 (thyroxine) into T3. Lower levels of thyroid hormones tend to indicate an underactive gland (hypothyroidism). This test result alone is not diagnostic but will be considered alongside the results of other thyroid hormones and antibodies.Calorie restriction can significantly lower thyroid hormones, as can stress, low carbohydrate diets, low estrogen, insulin resistance, chronic pain, low testosterone, low growth hormone, and alcohol. Nutrient deficiencies that can affect the conversion of T4 to T3, resulting in lower T3 include iodine, selenium, zinc, iron, chromium, copper, vitamin A,  and B vitamins.  Some supplements can lower thyroid hormones. Note that reference ranges may be different during pregnancy.What Causes high total T3 levels?A high total T3 level suggests an overproduction of thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism).  It may also be associated with iodine deficiency.More informationThyroid problems include hyperthyroidism (overproduction of thyroid hormones), hypothyroidism (underproduction of thyroid hormones), Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, and Graves Disease (two autoimmune thyroid conditions).InstructionsNo preparation is needed prior to this test.On the day of the testDo not take your thyroid medication until after you have taken this test. Always take your I.D. with you when going to take a test. Do not work out before going to do this test, as this may affect your results.Take this test before 10 am, as results can vary throughout the day.  If you are repeating a test, try to take it at the same time of day.Arrive early and sit down quietly for 15 minutes before the test is taken.

What is Total T4 (TT4)?T4 (Thyroxine) is a thyroid hormone that is produced by the thyroid gland and plays an important role in the body’s metabolism.  Nearly all the T4 (and T3) found in the blood is bound to protein. The rest is free (unbound) and is the biologically active form of the hormone. A total T4 test measures the total amount of T4 in the blood.Why test TT4 (total T4)?Health checkDiscover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to do something about them.Full thyroid panelTT4 is an important part of a complete thyroid panel.SymptomsSymptoms of thyroid disorder include depression, weakness, fatigue, sleeping problems, sensitivity to heat/cold, dry skin, hair loss, increased heart rate, and infertility.MonitoringMonitor an existing thyroid condition as you make dietary and lifestyle changes or take medication.  We can send any results to your doctor.What do the results mean?What causes low total T4?Low Total T4 indicates that the thyroid does not produce enough thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism). Low T4 may indicate iodine deficiency.What causes high total T4?High Total T4 suggests an excess production of thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism).More informationThyroid hormones play an important role in the body's metabolism.  T4 (thyroxine) is an important hormone that is produced by the thyroid gland and transported by the blood to the body's cells.  T4 can be either free (unbound) or bound to protein in your blood.  Nowadays, most health providers consider free T4 to be the most important test. However, measuring total T4 and other thyroid markers provides a more complete picture. If the thyroid gland produces too much hormone, symptoms are those of a raised metabolism, including rapid heart rate, sweating, increased appetite, weight loss, tremors, and poor sleep. Low thyroid hormone has the opposite effect, with side effects such as feeling cold, fatigue, weight gain, hair loss, and constipation, and the other signs and symptoms noted above.TSH stimulates the production and release of T4 (primarily) and T3 from the thyroid gland.  Thyroid health is somewhat complex and your practitioner should take into account the following:Blood test results: Free T4, free T3, TSH. Do you produce enough thyroid hormone? Is your T4 converting properly to T3? Is your TSH within an optimal range?Symptoms: If the above is within the normal range, but you have symptoms or are pregnant, thyroid antibody testing should be undertaken.Individual differences and your results: Do you have symptoms and your results are low or high normal? Perhaps these levels are too low or high for you.InstructionsNo advance preparation is needed for this test.On the day of the testDo not take your thyroid medication until after you have taken this test.  Remember to take I.D. with you when going to take a test. Do not work out before going to do this test, as this may affect your results.Take this test before 10 am, as results can vary throughout the day.  If you are repeating a test, try to take it at the same time of day.  

What are anti-TPO antibodies (TPO-AB)?Thyroid autoantibodies develop when a person's immune system mistakenly targets parts of the thyroid gland or thyroid proteins, leading to chronic inflammation of the thyroid (thyroiditis), tissue damage, and/or disruption of thyroid function. Many people suffer from autoimmune thyroiditis.Thyroid antibody tests are primarily ordered to help detect an autoimmune thyroid disease and to distinguish it from other forms of thyroid dysfunction.An anti-TPO test measures levels of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (also known as TPO-antibodies). It detects the presence of thyroid antibodies usually associated with hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone production) and is an important part of a full thyroid panel for someone with symptoms of thyroid disease. Hashimoto’s is the most common cause of hypothyroidism and the most common thyroid disorder.Why test anti-TPO antibodies (TPO-AB)?Testing TPO antibodies is helpful if you have or suspect a thyroid disorder to determine if you also have an autoimmune disease or to monitor your antibody levels. It may be important even if you have symptoms despite normal thyroid function test results. During pregnancy, 20% of women may have elevated TPO antibodies without knowing it, increasing the need for screening. Regular testing helps identify risk factors for lifestyle diseases, especially if you have a personal or family history of thyroid disorders.What does it mean if my thyroid antibody test is negative?Negative results mean that thyroid autoantibodies are not present in the blood at the time of testing.  Some people who have autoimmune thyroid disease do not have autoantibodies. Repeat testing at a later date can be done if symptoms persist.What does it mean if my thyroid antibody test is positive?The presence of thyroid antibodies suggests that you have an autoimmune thyroid disorder. The higher the level, the more likely this is. In this case we will refer you to your doctor and can continue to work with you to make lifestyle and dietary changes that will help.More InformationReference ranges may vary between laboratories. If you plan to order this test regularly for monitoring purposes, it is best to have it done by the same laboratory each time, using the same methodology.Preparations for this testNo preparation is required for this test.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when going to take a test.

What are thyroid-stimulating antibodies?Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies are also known as thyrotropin receptor antibodies and TSH receptor antibodies.  The so-called ‘TRAK’ test detects the presence of thyroid antibodies associated with hyperthyroidism and is an important part of a full thyroid panel for someone with symptoms of thyroid problems. Thyroid antibody tests are primarily ordered to help diagnose autoimmune hyperactive thyroid disease and to distinguish it from other forms of thyroid dysfunction.  Autoimmune is when the body attacks its own cells. Thyroid autoantibodies develop when a person's immune system mistakenly targets components of the thyroid gland or thyroid proteins, leading to chronic inflammation of the thyroid (thyroiditis), tissue damage, and/or disruption of thyroid function.  Trak is a method for measuring TSH-receptor antibodies.  This test is ordered when a person has hyperthyroidism, to see if the cause of the elevated thyroid function is an autoimmune disease (Grave’s disease).Why test TRAK? Unless this is ordered as a retest or for a specific reason, we recommend ordering this as part of a health test.  You may want to check whether you have TRAK antibodies for these reasons:Health historyYou have been or have previously been diagnosed with hyperthyroidism and wish to check your antibody levelsSymptomsYou have symptoms of hyperthyroidism, even if your thyroid results are within rangePregnancy20% of pregnant women have elevated antibodies without knowing about it, according to the American Thyroid Association.Health checkThis test can be included as part of a health and wellness check, for example during pregnancy.Family historyYou have a family history of hyperthyroidism and you have symptoms.What does it mean if my thyroid antibody test is negative?A negative result means that thyroid autoantibodies are not present in the blood at the time of testing.  However, some people who have autoimmune thyroid disease do not have autoantibodies. Repeat testing at a later date can be done if symptoms persist.What does it mean if my thyroid antibody test is positive?This means that thyroglobulin antibodies were found in your sample. This may indicate an autoimmune thyroid disorder called Graves’ disease, which is an overproduction of thyroid hormones or hyperthyroidism.Graves’ Disease is usually associated with symptoms of an overactive thyroid. T3 and T4 are usually high, and TSH is low. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis on the other hand is mainly associated with symptoms of low thyroid function and high TSH (hypothyroidism).Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid function) include unwanted/unexpected weight loss, rapid heartbeat, irregular heartbeat, nervousness, anxiety, irritability, tremor, enlarged thyroid gland (called goiter, that can be seen as a swelling at the base of your neck), sweating, changes in menstrual patterns, increased sensitivity to heat, changes in bowel movement especially more frequent ones, fatigue, muscle weakness, difficulty sleeping, thinning skin and brittle hair.More informationReference ranges may vary between laboratories. If you plan to order this test regularly for monitoring purposes, it is best to have it done by the same laboratory each time, using the same methodology.InstructionsNo advance preparation is required for this test.On the day of the testDo not take your thyroid medication until after you have taken this test.  Remember to take your I.D. with you when going to take a test. Do not work out before going to do this test, as this may affect your results.Take this test before 10 am, as results can vary throughout the day.  If you are repeating a test, try to take it at the same time of day.  Arrive early and sit down quietly for 15 minutes before the test is taken.

What is transferrin?Transferrin is the main protein in the blood that binds to iron and transports it throughout the body.  A transferrin test measures the level of transferrin in the blood.  This test is used alongside other tests to evaluate iron status.Why test transferrin?Unless this is ordered as a retest or for a specific reason, we recommend ordering this as part of a health test. Transferrin is an important part of a complete iron panel and is included in all tests that include iron markers Regular iron testing is important for those with low dietary intake of iron, vitamin B12, and folate and individuals with a personal or family history of anemia or excess iron. It helps identify risk factors for lifestyle diseases such as anemia and hemochromatosis, and monitor changes due to lifestyle adjustments, supplements, or treatments. Heavy periods, pregnancy, and athletic activities increase the risk of iron imbalance. Symptoms of low iron include fatigue, dizziness, and pale skin, while high iron can cause joint pain, abdominal pain, and liver disease, though symptoms might not always be present.What do the results mean?Transferrin tests are evaluated in the light of other iron tests. As iron decreases, transferrin levels rise as the body tries to compensate by making more ferritin to increase iron transport.What causes low transferrin?Serum iron results must be interpreted in the light of other blood tests. Low transferrin may be caused by certain conditions, such as iron overload (hemochromatosis), inflammation and malnutrition, liver disease and kidney disorders.What causes high transferrin?The most common cause of high transferrin is iron deficiency.More informationRecent blood transfusions, iron injections, and transfusions can all affect the results of iron tests. Preparations for this testIf you take iron supplements, avoid them for 24 hours before doing this test.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when going to take a test.  Take this test in the morning before 10 am. If you are a woman who has menstrual cycles it can be helpful to note down the day of your cycle.  

What is transferrin saturation %?Transferrin Saturation % is an estimate, based on other iron markers, of how many of transferrin iron-binding sites are being used.In normal iron status, transferrin is usually one-third saturated with iron, so roughly two-thirds of its capacity is held in reserve. The iron concentration may be divided by the transferrin concentration, not the TIBC. This similar estimate is usually called the transferrin index.)Why test transferrin saturation %?Regular iron testing can be important for various reasons. A diet lacking meat, seafood, iron, vitamin B12, and folate can increase the risk of Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA). Identifying risk factors for lifestyle diseases, such as anaemia and hemochromatosis, allows timely intervention. Monitoring blood values helps track changes as you adjust your diet, take supplements, or undergo treatments. Individuals with a personal or family history of anaemia or excess iron should test regularly. Heavy periods, pregnancy, and athletic activities also elevate the risk of iron imbalance. Symptoms of low iron include fatigue, dizziness, and pale skin, while high iron can cause fatigue, joint pain, and liver disease.What causes low transferrin saturation?Low transferrin saturation is most often caused by iron deficiency anaemia (IDA).What causes high transferrin saturation?High transferrin saturation is most often caused by iron overload (hemochromatosis).  It can also be caused by iron poisoning.More informationRecent blood transfusions, iron injections and transfusions can all affect the results of iron tests.Preparations for this testIf you take iron supplements, avoid them for 24 hours before doing this testOn the day of the testAlways take your ID with you when going to take a test.  

What is anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-Ttg)?Transglutaminase antibodies are found in the blood of people with an autoimmune disease called celiac disease. Celiac disease causes a response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. Gluten consumption triggers celiac disease in susceptible people. Anti-tissue transglutaminase activity detects antibodies to tissue transglutaminase, an enzyme that causes the cross-linking of these proteins. It is considered the most sensitive and specific blood test for celiac disease.  This test is measured alongside a test for IGA deficiency, which can affect the results of the test.   Why Test Anti-Ttg (Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase)?Family historyNICE Guidelines (UK) recommend considering all immediate family members of celiac disease for celiac screening.Symptoms Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, poor growth, weight loss, fatigue, irritability, and behaviour problems.Health ConditionNICE recommends screening those with type 1 diabetes, autoimmune thyroid disease, autoimmune liver disease, growth problems, frequent mouth ulcers, prolonged fatigue, persistent abdominal/gastrointestinal symptoms, unexplained iron, B12, and folate deficiencies, unexpected weight loss, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).ReactionsYou think that you react to gluten-containing foods and would like to confirm this.Diagnosis If you have been diagnosed with celiac disease we recommend doing a Cyrex test known as Cyrex Array 3. This can be used to identify cross-reactions.What do the results mean?Positive/borderlineA positive or borderline test result suggests a person may have celiac disease and should visit a doctor to discuss the results. Positive and borderline tests may be followed by an intestinal biopsy in order to make a definitive diagnosis of celiac disease.  NegativeYou have no antibodies to the marker tested. A negative test cannot rule out celiac disease or gluten sensitivity. As only one marker can be tested for in Sweden, we may recommend following up with Cyrex testing.Cyrex labs specialises in tests for autoimmune conditions and other chronic diseases, in particular celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS).  People with celiac disease who eat gluten almost always have these antibodies in their blood. Although Cyrex is not yet clinically validated for use in the healthcare system, we have used it clinically for several years and find it very helpful, especially because many people react to different types of gluten.More InformationMany people react – or think they react – to gluten-containing foods.  Nordic Wellth’s basic gluten package includes the two recommended tests, namely tissue transglutaminase (tTg) test, and Total IGA.  Based on the results of both tests, our doctor will determine whether further testing is needed.You must be eating a moderate amount of gluten every day for 2-3 weeks before taking this test in order for it to be accurate. As hospital lab tests offer a limited number of gluten markers, we regularly send tests for our clients to Cyrex Labs in the USA, which tests for several different types of transglutaminase and 20 additional NCGS markers including different types of gliadin, glutenin, wheat, wheatgerm, Gluteomorphin, and Prodynorphin.  In our clinical experience, this is an extremely useful test. InstructionsEnsure that you have been consuming gluten every day for around 3 weeks before taking this test.On the day of the testRemember to take I.D. with you when going to take a test.

What are triglycerides?Triglycerides are fats found in your blood. They are a major source of energy.  They come from the foods we eat. High triglyceride levels are a risk factor for metabolic syndrome, diabetes, fatty liver disease, and pancreatitis. Triglyceride test results must be interpreted in the light of other test results, the reference range of the lab where the testing is done, your age, gender, symptoms, and health conditions.It is more dangerous for women than for men to have high triglycerides. This test can be ordered as a package or individually with other tests to form a custom package.  Testing is simple and easy.Why test triglycerides?Testing triglycerides can help you discover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to take preventive actions. If you have a family or personal history of high triglycerides, heart disease, or diabetes, you are at an increased risk of heart problems or diabetes. Additionally, lifestyle factors such as a poor diet, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, or drug use can elevate triglyceride levels. Regular testing helps monitor changes in blood values as you make lifestyle modifications, take supplements, or undergo treatments.What do the results mean?Results have to be interpreted with consideration to other test results. Different labs have different reference ranges.What causes low triglycerides?Lower triglyceride levels tend to be associated with better health outcomes. Very low triglycerides can be associated with liver/biliary dysfunction, thyroid hyperfunction, autoimmune processes, and adrenal hyperfunction.Symptoms of low triglyceridesLow triglyceride levels generally do not cause specific symptoms and are usually discovered through routine blood tests. However, they can be associated with underlying conditions such as malnutrition, hyperthyroidism, or certain genetic disorders. In rare cases, low triglycerides might be linked to issues like fatigue, poor growth in children, or difficulty maintaining weight.What causes high triglycerides?A high triglyceride level is associated with poor dietary habits, excess alcohol consumption, genetics, and other diseases. High triglycerides are associated, among other things, with atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, poor metabolism and utilization of fats, early-stage diabetes, primary hypothyroidism, fatty liver, and metabolic syndrome.  Extremely high triglycerides will need treatment, for which you will need to visit your doctor. We also recommend visiting a nutritional therapist, who can continue to work with you to make lifestyle and dietary changes.Symptoms of high triglyceridesHigh triglycerides often have no direct symptoms but can lead to serious conditions like atherosclerosis, increasing the risk of heart disease, heart attack, and stroke. Extremely high levels can cause pancreatitis, resulting in severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. High triglycerides are also associated with fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome, which includes increased waist circumference, high blood pressure, and elevated blood sugar.More informationDiabetics with uncontrolled blood sugar may have very high triglycerides. Meals can dramatically change triglycerides, increasing 5 to 10 times compared with fasting levels just a few hours after eating. Levels vary daily and this is normal. Medications like corticosteroids, protease inhibitors for HIV, beta-blockers, and estrogens can increase blood triglyceride levels.  Non-fasting levels might provide a more representative figure.  However, as the interpretation of such results is not yet clear, fasting is still recommended before testing lipid levels.Preparations for this testThe day beforeDo not eat or drink anything except water for at least 10 (preferably 12) hours before taking this test.On the dayThis test is ideally done in the early morning after an overnight fast. Always take your ID with you when going to take a test.

What is Troponin? Troponin is a protein that is released into the blood when the heart muscle is damaged. A troponin test is often used in emergency care to quickly detect or rule out heart attacks and other heart-related injuries. Since elevated levels can be detected within a few hours of an injury, it is one of the most reliable blood tests for early diagnosis of heart problems. How does the test work? The test measures the concentration of troponin T in the blood. High values indicate heart muscle damage, while normal levels make it possible to rule out serious heart damage. It is a key tool for quickly determining the need for further investigations. Advantages of troponin tests1. Early detection of heart muscle damage.2. High sensitivity – even catches small injuries.3. Useful for monitoring recovery after heart problems. 4. Can reduce the need for more invasive tests Interpretation of resultsElevated troponin values (above 15 ng/L) can indicate heart attacks, but also other conditions such as myocarditis, heart failure, valvular disease, or serious infections. Factors such as kidney and lung diseases can also affect the values. The decision limit for suspected acute myocardial injury is around 14 ng/L, but the interpretation is always made in combination with other clinical findings such as ECG and your symptoms. What is myocardial injury? Myocardial injury means that the heart muscle has been damaged, which can occur during, for example, a heart attack, inflammation, surgery, or trauma. When this happens, troponin is released from the heart muscle cells, causing the level in the blood to rise. A troponin test can therefore provide quick and important information, but the diagnosis is always made in a holistic perspective – not solely based on the blood sample.What do the results mean?What does high troponin mean?High troponin means that there has been damage to the heart muscle. This is most commonly due to a heart attack (myocardial infarction). Other possible causes include heart failure, myocarditis (inflammation of the heart), severe high blood pressure, pulmonary embolism, sepsis and extreme physical exertion.Important: Even small increases in troponin can be significant — the pattern and timing of the rise are crucial for diagnosis.What does low troponin mean?Low or undetectable troponin means:There is no significant heart muscle damage at the time of testing. This helps rule out a heart attack or other serious cardiac injury. Troponin levels are often tested multiple times over hours to detect changes.

What is TSH?TSH is produced by the pituitary gland and is part of the body's system to maintain correct amounts of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the blood and to help control the rate at which the body uses energy.The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test is the most common test for evaluating thyroid function and/or symptoms of a thyroid disorder.Why Test TSH? Unless this is ordered as a retest or for a specific reason, we recommend ordering TSH as part of a health test. You may want to test TSH along with other thyroid markers for these reasons:Symptoms You have symptoms of thyroid disorder, even if other thyroid results are within rangeHealth checkAs part of a general health and wellness check to screen for thyroid disordersMonitoringTo monitor a thyroid disorder, your need for medications, and the progression of your illness.  If you have just changed your dose of thyroid medication, wait 6-8 weeks before testing TSH again in order to get an accurate result.FertilityTo help to diagnose and investigate fertility problems in womenWhat do the results mean?Whether it is high or low, an abnormal TSH indicates too much or too little thyroid hormone, but it doesn’t show why. Further testing is needed for this purpose. A normal TSH value does not necessarily rule out thyroid imbalances. They must be interpreted alongside your other thyroid markers and a person’s current symptoms and medical history. If your TSH is normal and you have symptoms that could be attributed to thyroid problems, it is important to investigate further. Consult your doctor to discuss your results and symptoms. Discuss any relevant lifestyle, nutrition, or dietary changes with your nutritionist to find out the root cause of the problem.What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid function) include unwanted weight loss even when your food intake stays the same, rapid heartbeat, irregular heartbeat, nervousness, anxiety, irritability, tremor, enlarged thyroid gland (called goiter, which can be seen as a swelling at the base of your neck), sweating, changes in menstrual patterns, increased sensitivity to heat, changes in bowel movement especially more frequent ones, fatigue, muscle weakness, difficulty sleeping, thinning skin and brittle hair.What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?Common symptoms of hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid) include fatigue, feeling cold, often cold hands, feet and tip of nose, constipation, dry skin, weight gain or difficulty losing weight, puffy face, hoarseness, muscle weakness, stiff and achy muscles, slowed heart rate, dry and thinning hair, poor memory, and depression.What causes low TSH?Low TSH most commonly means that a person has hyperthyroidism or an overactive thyroid. Normally hypothyroidism presents with normal to high TSH and normal to low T4 and T3. However, this is not true for everyone. In rare cases, patients with hypothyroidism present with low TSH as well as low T4, due to pituitary failure.Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid function) include; unwanted weight loss even when your food intake stays the same, rapid heartbeat, irregular heartbeat, nervousness, anxiety, irritability, tremor, enlarged thyroid gland (a goiter that can be seen as a swelling at the base of your neck), sweating, changes in menstrual patterns, increased sensitivity to heat, changes in bowel movement especially more frequent ones, fatigue, muscle weakness, difficulty sleeping, thinning skin and brittle hair.Common symptoms of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) include fatigue, feeling cold, often cold hands, feet, and the tip of the nose, constipation, dry skin, weight gain or difficulty losing weight, puffy face, hoarseness, muscle weakness, stiff and achy muscles, slowed heart rate, dry and thinning hair, poor memory, and depression.Many factors affect TSH results, including age, ethnicity, gender, medication use, and BMI.  In America, the average TSH level is 1.5 in patients without known thyroid disease, and many doctors find that their patients feel their best between the range 1.5-2 mU/L. Functional labs, which work withWhat causes high TSH?A high TSH alongside low free T4 may indicate an underactive thyroid gland and some kind of thyroid dysfunction. High TSH may mean that a person has hypothyroidism (low thyroid function). It may indicate that a person’s thyroid hormone medication needs adjusting, or that there is a problem with the pituitary gland.  Sometimes TSH is temporarily elevated due to stress and/or infections.The most common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune disease. We strongly recommend that you do a full thyroid panel to thoroughly investigate the cause of your high TSH. Common symptoms of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) include fatigue, feeling cold, often cold hands, feet, and the tip of the nose, constipation, dry skin, weight gain or difficulty losing weight, puffy face, hoarseness, muscle weakness, stiff and achy muscles, slowed heart rate, dry and thinning hair, poor memory, and depression.More InformationThe normal range for TSH is controversial. Most labs still consider the upper range to be between 4 and 5 mU/L. In 2003 the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists recommended lowering the reference range to 0.3-3 mU/L but clinical guidelines were not changed. In America, the mean TSH level is 1.5 in patients without known thyroid disease and many doctors find that their patients feel their best at an upper limit of 1.5-2 mU/L. Functional labs, which work with reference levels to obtain optimal health, have their upper limit of 1.5-2 mU/L.It’s important to note that a single thyroid marker cannot give a clear picture. A normal TSH result does not rule out thyroid problems. Thyroid markers must be interpreted alongside your other thyroid markers, current symptoms, and medical history. InstructionsNo advance preparation is required for this test.On the dayRemember to take I.D. with you when going to take a test.  Do not take your thyroid medication until after you have taken this test. 

What is urea? Urea is produced in the liver from the breakdown of amino acids found in proteins. Urea is released into the bloodstream. It is then transported to the kidneys and excreted in your urine. Healthy kidneys remove more than 90% of the urea the body produces, so a blood test can show how well your kidneys are working. Most kidney and liver diseases can affect blood levels of urea. If the liver produces more urea than normal, or the kidneys excrete less, blood urea levels will rise. If liver damage/disease reduces urea production, levels may fall.Why test urea?Health CheckDiscover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to do something about them. MonitoringTo monitor or retest your urea levels if a previous test was out of range. SymptomsIf you have any symptoms related to the liver or kidneys. What causes low urea? Low urea levels are uncommon and are not usually concerning. Sometimes liver diseases and malnutrition can cause low urea levels. Low urea levels can also be normal in pregnancy. What causes high urea levels? High urea levels indicate poor kidney function. Acute or chronic kidney disease can cause high urea levels. Other things that increase urea levels include decreased blood flow to the kidneys caused by congestive heart failure, stress, shock, recent heart attack or burns, intestinal bleeding, and dehydration. More informationAge, high or low protein intake, and medications can affect urea levels. Your doctor may monitor your urea and creatinine levels if you take certain medicines. InstructionsOn the day of the testRemember to take ID with you when going to take a test. 

What is uric acid? Uric acid is a normal waste product produced when your body breaks down the purines from foods, drinks and dead cells. Uric acid is transported to the kidneys and excreted in your urine. If you have too much uric acid in your body, it can lead to a painful health condition known as gout.Why test uric acid?If you have gout symptoms, or want to do an annual health test, or monitor your uric acid levels. What do the results mean?  What causes low uric acid levels? Some health conditions may cause low uric acid levels. These include alcoholism and kidney disease.What causes high uric acid levels? The following can cause high uric acid levels: your body makes too much uric acid, your kidneys remove less uric acid than expected, or you consume many purine-rich foods. Foods high in purines include red meat, organ meats, some seafood (e.g. sardines, tuna, anchovies, trout), alcohol, and high fructose corn syrup.What are the symptoms of high uric acid levels?High uric acid levels can cause gout symptoms like pain, swelling, or redness in the toes, ankles or knees. InstructionsOn the day of the testRemember to take I.D. with you when going to take a test. Sit down for 15 minutes and rest before taking a test.

What is Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)?Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin involved in the metabolism of all human cells. B12 is an essential vitamin and must be obtained from the diet.  Deficiency can result in cognitive and mental problems, dizziness and numbness, and - if left untreated - permanent neurological damage. Vitamin B12 deficiency is quite common.  Estimates suggest that up to 20% of the elderly may be deficient or depleted in Vitamin B12 (1). Pregnant women and young children, vegetarians, vegans, and patients with intestinal problems or those taking stomach acid suppressants are all at increased risk of B12 deficiency. Testing serum vitamin B12 test may not be enough to determine B12 sufficiency.  In case of doubt, an MMA test can help to confirm B12 status. Why Test Vitamin B12?Testing for B12 levels is essential due to its significant impact on health. Symptoms of deficiency, such as mood swings, numbness, ‘brain fog,’ fatigue, headaches, depression, anaemia, infertility, insomnia, irritability, and anxiety, necessitate monitoring. Risk factors include vegan or vegetarian diets, low meat or seafood intake, celiac or intestinal diseases, and certain medications like hydrocortisone or antacids that increase the need for B12. Regular testing ensures proper levels are maintained and helps identify underlying health issues.What do the results mean?Normal serum B12 levels may indicate sufficiency and suggest that symptoms are likely due to another cause.  However, if symptoms are present and persist, a methylmalonic acid (MMA) test may be needed to complete the picture. This is especially true if B12 is in the lower half of the reference range. What causes low vitamin B12?The level of vitamin B12 circulating in your bloodstream is lower than expected. A low B12 and/or folate level, especially accompanied by signs and symptoms, indicates vitamin B12 deficiency. The extent of the anemia or associated neuropathy cannot be detected on a serum B12 test. A level within the reference range does not necessarily indicate optimal levels and cannot rule out deficiency.The serum vitamin B12 test is limited in specificity and sensitivity and misses many people within the ‘grey zone’ of deficiency. Therefore, those with signs and symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency should follow-up with a homocysteine test, and possibly an MMA test, in order to better determine vitamin B12 status. This is particularly true if the result is within the lower half of the reference range. but even higher serum vitamin B12 levels do not indicate that vitamin B12 is being properly utilized at the cellular level.This is when an MMA test may be helpful (the MMA test measures cellular levels). Causes of vitamin B deficiency include diets low in B12 (such as vegan diets), pregnancy and breastfeeding, malabsorption, celiac disease, pernicious anemia, and gastric bypass surgery.Several health conditions can cause vitamin B deficiency, including pernicious anemia, (the most common cause), celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s’ disease, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), intestinal parasites, such as tapeworms, hypochlorhydria (reduced stomach acid production). B12 can also be lowered by medications including aspirin, metformin, and birth control pills.Symptoms of low vitamin B12Low vitamin B12 levels can lead to a variety of symptoms. Common signs include fatigue, weakness, and dizziness due to anemia. Neurological symptoms like numbness and tingling in the hands and feet, balance problems, and difficulty walking can also occur. Cognitive issues such as memory loss, ‘brain fog,’ and difficulty concentrating are common, along with mood changes like depression, irritability, and anxiety. Other symptoms may include a swollen, inflamed tongue, mouth ulcers, breathlessness, headaches, and vision disturbances.Deficiency is common with: Unsupplemented vegan diet Long-term use of antacids or H2 proton pump inhibitors Surgery to remove parts of the stomach, such as gastric bypass, or the intestines Pancreatic Insufficiency Heavy drinking or chronic alcoholism Medication use (e.g. metformin, omeprazole, methotrexate, and medications to prevent seizures)  What causes high vitamin B12?High vitamin B12 levels are very often caused by excessive supplementation. High levels of B12 are not very common and are not usually monitored. However, elevated B12 levels can be indicative of a health condition.Symptoms of high vitamin B12High vitamin B12 levels can cause skin reactions like rashes or acne, digestive issues such as nausea or diarrhea - and neurological symptoms like dizziness, headaches, or tingling in the hands and feet. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, elevated blood pressure, and unexplained fatigue. These high levels are usually due to excessive supplementation. Consult a healthcare provider if you suspect high levels. Preparations for this testHigh levels of folic acid supplements can mask B12 deficiency. Please tell us if you are taking folic acid supplements.On the day of the testRemember to take I.D. with you when going to take a test.  

What is Vitamin D?Vitamin D is an important fat-soluble vitamin. Every cell in your body has vitamin D receptors. Vitamin D is especially important for bone formation, immune health, muscles, heart, lung, and brain function. Recent research suggests that optimal vitamin D levels may help to prevent several long-term health problems.  Your body synthesizes vitamin D from sunlight. In the northern hemispheres, it is difficult to get enough vitamin D from the sun. However, even those from hot and sunny countries are often vitamin D deficient. You can also supplement vitamin D and get a small amount from some foods.  Calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin K2 are essential for developing the structure and strength of your bones and you need vitamin D to absorb them. Recent research suggests that optimal vitamin D levels may help to prevent several long-term health problems.Why test vitamin D?Unless this is ordered as a retest or for a specific reason, we recommend ordering this as part of a health test.Limited sun exposureIf you don’t get enough sun exposure, always cover up, or have dark skin, you are at risk of vitamin D deficiency - even if you live in a hot country.GeneticsSome people have genetic risk factors that reduce their absorption of vitamin D.MonitoringMonitor a low value or track it over time as you make lifestyle changes or undergo treatments.PregnancyVitamin D is very important for maternal and fetal health. It is your baby’s sole source of vitamin D and is required for good health, particularly teeth, bones, and immune function.50+Those aged 50+ are most vulnerable to a lack of vitamin D. Synthesis of vitamin D decreases with age.MedicationsYou take a drug, such as hydrocortisone or antacids, which increases the need for vitamin D.What causes low vitamin D?A low level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D means that you do not have enough vitamin D in your bloodstream and probably need to supplement and/or expose yourself to more sunlight, depending on your levels. It may mean that you do not absorb vitamin D well from the intestines. Drugs used to treat seizures, particularly phenytoin (Dilantin), can interfere with the production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the liver.Vitamin D deficiency is defined as a 25(OH)D level of 20 ng/mL or less, and vitamin D insufficiency as 21 – 29 ng/ML. This is based on the observed physiological changes in calcium absorption and parathyroid hormone levels that occur with changes in vitamin D levels.Studies have linked blood 25(OH)D levels between 30 ng/mL and 60 ng/mL with lower risks of health conditions, including autoimmune conditions, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers. These include lack of sun exposure, place of residence, atmospheric conditions (air pollution, clouds), dark skin, which affects the skin’s ability to produce vitamin D, clothing choices, including headscarves, sunscreen, malabsorption, gut conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, liver disease, low intake, veganism, kidney disease, old age, obesity, pregnancy, and certain medications. Vitamin D deficiency tends to be caused by inadequate sun exposure, although genetic factors and diet can contribute. Nordic Wellth’s nutritional therapists are university-qualified and are trained and insured to address any dietary and lifestyle factors, including supplementation advice, considering any health conditions and medications used. We work alongside a doctor when required and can help you to find the right doctor. What causes high vitamin D?A very high level* may indicates toxicity and is most often caused by excessive supplementation, but can also be due to health conditions such as sarcoidosis. There is little consensus about reference ranges, however currently a level between 75 and 150 nmol/l is considered optimal and at least one study concluded that a level of 90-120 nmol/l may be optimal for cancer prevention (1), (2).*The Swedish laboratories we use for this test have set the upper limit for toxicity at >250nmol/l, although based on its understanding and review of relevant research, the vitamin D Society has set a higher level of 375 nmol/l. The Vitamin D Council recognizes that there are not enough controlled trials to support or oppose their recommendations.More informationYour body synthesizes vitamin D from sunlight and in the northern hemisphere it is difficult to get enough vitamin D from the sun. However, even those from hot and sunny countries are often Vitamin D deficient. Some people do not absorb vitamin D well for genetic reasons. Severe vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Both conditions cause soft, thin, and brittle bones.The best way to get sufficient vitamin D is from sunlight, but you can also supplement vitamin D and get a small amount from some foods. Calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin K2 are essential for developing the structure and strength of your bones and you need vitamin D to absorb them. Recent research suggests that optimal vitamin D levels may help to prevent several long-term health problems.Preparations for this testNo preparation is needed for this test.On the day of the testAlways take I.D. with you when taking a test.

A wheat allergy means your immune system reacts to proteins in wheat, which can cause symptoms like skin rashes, stomach issues, breathing problems, or in rare cases, anaphylaxis (a serious allergic reaction).

This blood test measures IgE antibodies against willow and pollen, which is among the first to bloom in spring—often as early as March.

What is Zinc?Zinc is an essential mineral and antioxidant that has a role in several of the body's most important functions, from cell formation to testosterone levels. It is an essential part of your body’s defense against oxidative stress.  Zinc is required for a healthy immune system, healthy skin, strong bones, wound healing, recovery after exercise, and healthy aging.Even minor deficiencies can result in frequent coughs and colds.  It is involved in the expression of genes and is therefore especially important in growth stages, such as pregnancy, lactation, and in childhood.Why test zinc?Unless this is ordered as a retest or for a specific reason, we recommend ordering this as part of a health test.Health CheckDiscover your risk factors for lifestyle diseases in time to do something about them.MonitoringTo monitor low or insufficient zinc levels, particularly if often sick, wounds heal slowly, or you experience slow recovery after exertion.Dietary FactorsMost bioavailable zinc is found in animal foods.  Alcohol depletes zinc and blocks absorption. Vegetarians, vegans, those avoiding red meat/seafood, and heavy drinkers may be low in zinc.60+Zinc is very important for healthy aging, especially for immune system function after age 60.SymptomsYou have symptoms of zinc deficiency, including diarrhea, impaired wound healing, acne, eczema, dermatitis, mouth ulcers, impaired growth in children, or low testosterone.Health HistoryYou suffer regular coughs, colds, or other illnesses, have dry skin that marks easily, or suffer from a chronic illness that affects zinc levels (e.g., malabsorption syndrome, GI disease, liver disease, diabetes, anorexia nervosa).Pregnancy, fertility, and breastfeedingZinc improves fertility in both sexes, increasing sperm production in men.AthletesLow zinc levels can lower resilience, reduce performance, and impair muscle development.MedicationsYou take a drug, such as hydrocortisone or prednisone, which increases the need for zinc.What causes low zinc?Low zinc may indicate a zinc deficiency, although the body lowers zinc in response to infection, so results should be interpreted with clinical symptoms and history. Since zinc is bound to albumin, albumin results can be useful alongside zinc. Low zinc with normal albumin can suggest zinc deficiency. If both zinc and albumin are low, this suggests an acute phase response to infection rather than a zinc deficiency. If you are deficient in zinc, you either don’t get enough zinc from your diet, or you don’t absorb it properly. Zinc deficiency can take a long time to show up on a blood test.What causes high zinc?High levels are uncommon because excess zinc is excreted from the body via urine and feces.  High levels are most often due to excessive supplementation, industrial exposure, or exposure to household products that contain zinc (e.g paint, varnish, and cleaning products). More informationThere is no perfect test for zinc deficiency. Serum (plasma) zinc is the only test that is routinely available.  Serum testing is not very specific for slight deficiency, meaning that someone may have a normal zinc level even if they are deficient.InstructionsThe day beforeFasting for 10 (but preferably 12) hours is recommended because zinc concentrations may decrease after eating meals.The day beforeRemember to take ID with you when going to take a test.